bslx.h

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/// @file bslx.h
///
///
/// @defgroup bslx Package bslx
/// @brief  Basic Standard Library eXternalization (bslx)
/// @addtogroup bsl
/// @{
/// @addtogroup bslx
/// [bslx]: group__bslx.html
/// @{
///
/// # Purpose {#bslx-purpose}
/// Define externalization protocols and provide implementations.
///
/// # Mnemonic {#bslx-mnemonic}
/// Basic Standard Library eXternalization (bslx)
///
/// # Description {#bslx-description}
/// The 'bslx' package defines (via documentation) the BDEX protocol
/// for externalization (i.e., for an "out stream") and "unexternalization" (i.e.,
/// for an "in stream"), and provides concrete byte-array-based stream
/// implementations of each kind of stream, including streams for testing.  In
/// general, concrete streams must be used in matched pairs, as described in more
/// detail below; see also {Security Warning} below.
///
/// ## Hierarchical Synopsis
///
/// The 'bslx' package currently has 14 components having 5 levels of physical
/// dependency.  The list below shows the hierarchical ordering of the components.
/// The order of components within each level is not architecturally significant,
/// just alphabetical.
/// @code
///  5. bslx_streambufinstream
///     bslx_testinstream
///
///  4. bslx_byteinstream
///     bslx_genericinstream
///     bslx_streambufoutstream
///     bslx_testoutstream
///
///  3. bslx_byteoutstream
///     bslx_genericoutstream
///
///  2. bslx_instreamfunctions
///     bslx_outstreamfunctions
///     bslx_testinstreamexception
///
///  1. bslx_marshallingutil
///     bslx_typecode
///     bslx_versionfunctions
/// @endcode
///
/// ## Component Synopsis
///
///  @ref bslx_byteinstream :
///       Provide a stream class for unexternalization of fundamental types.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_byteoutstream :
///       Provide a stream class for externalization of fundamental types.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_genericinstream :
///       Unexternalization of fundamental types from a parameterized stream.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_genericoutstream :
///       Externalization of fundamental types to a parameterized stream.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_instreamfunctions :
///       Facilitate uniform unexternalization of user and fundamental types.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_marshallingutil :
///       Support platform-independent marshalling of fundamental types.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_outstreamfunctions :
///       Facilitate uniform externalization of user and fundamental types.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_streambufinstream :
///       Unexternalization of fundamental types from a `bsl::streambuf`.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_streambufoutstream :
///       Externalization of fundamental types to a `bsl::streambuf`.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_testinstream :
///       Enable unexternalization of fundamental types with identification.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_testinstreamexception :
///       Provide an exception class for unexternalization operations.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_testoutstream :
///       Enable externalization of fundamental types with identification.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_typecode :
///       Enumerate the fundamental types supported by BDEX.
/// 
///  @ref bslx_versionfunctions :
///       Provide functions to return BDEX version information for types.
///
/// ## Security Warning
///
/// *Warning:* BDEX is *not* a secure protocol.  In particular, data purported to
/// be in BDEX format should be streamed in (i.e., via a BDEX input stream) only
/// when provided by a *trusted* source.  'bslx' is a low-level facility for
/// externalizing and unexternalizing data represented in C++ objects.  'bslx'
/// natively provides support for externalizing fundamental types, arrays, and
/// critical Standard Library types ('bsl::string' and 'bsl::vector');
/// higher-level user-defined types (i.e., classes and 'struct's) implement the
/// BDEX concepts on their own, and are responsible for performing validation when
/// data is streamed in from a BDEX byte stream.  Any input validation for
/// higher-level types is to be implemented in those types themselves -- i.e.,
/// there is no central facility for validating input -- so the strength of the
/// validation performed on an input stream is determined by the strength of the
/// validation for all of the individual types that will process input from the
/// stream.
///
/// ## Externalization
///
/// Externalization is the process of creating another representation for an
/// in-memory object (also referred to as an "in-core" object) that can be, but
/// need not be, stored external to processor memory.  Often this is done by
/// streaming the object as a sequence (or array) of bytes, sometimes called
/// "flattening" the object, because of the one-dimensional structure of a
/// sequence or array.  Such flattening allows easy externalization of the object,
/// since a byte sequence can be written to a disk file without further
/// modification.  It is similarly the native *format* for other externalization
/// *mechanisms*, such as OS sockets, and in conjunction with these can be used to
/// stream the object outside of processor memory.  Other externalizations include
/// storing the relevant data members among various tables and fields of a
/// relational database.
///
/// The 'bslx' streams provide better support for externalization than 'iostream'
/// objects because BDEX specifies a canonical, optimized representation for
/// fundamental types, provides component authors the tools to externalize in a
/// platform-neutral way any in-core object, and allows versioning of types not
/// directly supported by BDEX.
///
/// When externalizing data, the version to be used must be supplied to the
/// objects directly serialized (objects nested within these "top-level" objects
/// obtain their version from the parent object explicitly), and this version is
/// typically externalized as well.  Likewise, the unexternalization process
/// typically obtains the version information from the data for the top-level
/// objects and the implementation of these top-level objects provides the
/// corresponding version information for nested objects.
///
/// As such, any implementation of 'bdexStreamOut' is required to use only the
/// methods provided by the BDEX-compliant stream and the methods defined in
/// 'bslx::OutStreamFunctions' that require a version to be specified.  For
/// externalization of types not needing a version, the value
/// 'bslx::VersionFunctions::k_NO_VERSION' should be supplied for this parameter.
///
/// However, when using 'operator<<' it is impractical to directly supply the
/// version to be used with each top-level object.  As such, an indirect method of
/// versioning is employed, which incorporates data provided to the stream during
/// the stream's construction, the 'versionSelector'.  One requirement of all
/// BDEX-compliant serializable types is to implement the
/// 'maxSupportedBdexVersion' method, which converts this 'versionSelector' to the
/// needed version on a per object-type basis.  While the list of versions
/// supported by an object is typically a sequential set of numbers starting with
/// 1, the 'versionSelector' is expected to be formatted as "YYYYMMDD", a date
/// representation.  For example, an integral 'versionSelector' value of 20140402
/// represents the date 2014/04/02 (April 2, 2014).
///
/// If a top-level object is of a type directly supported by the BDEX-compliant
/// stream, no version is externalized for the data.  For the stream-supported
/// arrays, no version is externalized and the unexternalization of this data must
/// use the corresponding stream-supported array unexternalization method.  All
/// 'vector' externalizations include a version, which, for directly supported
/// types, is explicitly the value 1.  For nested vectors, the most-nested type is
/// used to determine the version.  If this type is directly supported by the
/// stream, the value 1 is used; otherwise, the 'maxSupportedBdexVersion' method
/// provided for that type is used to obtain the version information.
///
/// ## Supported Types
///
/// The supported types and required content are listed in the table below.  All
/// of the fundamental types in the table may be streamed as scalar values or as
/// homogeneous arrays.  'bsl::string' is streamed as an 'int' representing the
/// string's length and a homogeneous 'char' array for the string's data.  Note
/// that 'Int64' and 'Uint64' denote 'bsls::Types::Int64' and
/// 'bsls::Types::Uint64', respectively, which in turn are 'typedef' names for the
/// signed and unsigned 64-bit integer types, respectively, on the host platform:
/// @code
///  C++ TYPE          REQUIRED CONTENT OF ANY PLATFORM-NEUTRAL FORMAT
///  --------------    -----------------------------------------------
///  Int64             64 bits (signed)
///  Uint64            64 bits (unsigned)
///  int               32 bits (signed)
///  unsigned int      32 bits (unsigned)
///  short             16 bits (signed)
///  unsigned short    16 bits (unsigned)
///  char               8 bits (platform-dependent)
///  signed char        8 bits (signed)
///  unsigned char      8 bits (unsigned)
///  double            IEEE standard 8-byte floating-point value
///  float             IEEE standard 4-byte floating-point value
///
///  bsl::string       BDE implementation of the STL string class
/// @endcode
/// BDEX also supports compact streaming of integer types.  In particular, 64-bit
/// integers can be streamed as 40-, 48-, 56-, or 64-bit values, and 32-bit
/// integers can be streamed as 24- or 32-bit values, at the user's discretion.
/// In all cases, the least-significant bytes of the fundamental integer type are
/// written to the stream.  Therefore, outputting a signed value may not preserve
/// the sign of the original value; it is the user's responsibility to choose
/// output methods appropriate to the data.  On input, however, the non-standard
/// bit patterns are sign-extended, so that correctly-written values will always
/// be correctly read.
///
/// ### The BDEX Protocols
///
/// The BDEX protocols are primarily "documentation-only" protocols whereby
/// BDEX-compliant value-semantic types and streams each adhere to a published
/// documentation standard (this document) in order to interoperate correctly.
/// The protocols specify what types that wish to support BDEX streaming must
/// provide (three specifically-named methods), and what services the type can
/// expect from all compliant streams (various "put" and "get" methods).  In
/// addition, BDEX also documents two interfaces, 'InStream' and 'OutStream', that
/// serve as the "documentation protocols" for input and output streams,
/// respectively.
///
/// ## Requirements for a BDEX-Compliant Class to be Streamable
///
/// In this section we give a brief synopsis of the required member functions for
/// a class in order to be BDEX-streamable.  See the "Using BDEX with Your Own
/// Class" section below for implementation details.
///
/// The required signatures and typical documentation (some behavioral details may
/// be implementation-specific) of the three required methods for a BDEX-compliant
/// class are as follows:
/// @code
///  // CLASS METHODS
///  static int maxSupportedBdexVersion(int versionSelector);
///      // Return the maximum valid BDEX format version, as indicated by the
///      // specified 'versionSelector', to be passed to the 'bdexStreamOut'
///      // method.  Note that it is highly recommended that 'versionSelector' be
///      // formatted as "YYYYMMDD", a date representation.  Also note that
///      // 'versionSelector' should be a *compile*-time-chosen value that selects
///      // a format version supported by both externalizer and unexternalizer.
///      // See the 'bslx' package-level documentation for more information on
///      // BDEX streaming of value-semantic types and containers.
///
///  // MANIPULATORS
///  template <class STREAM>
///  STREAM& bdexStreamIn(STREAM& stream, int version);
///      // Assign to this object the value read from the specified input 'stream'
///      // using the specified 'version' format, and return a reference to
///      // 'stream'.  If 'stream' is initially invalid, this operation has no
///      // effect.  If 'version' is not supported, this object is unaltered and
///      // 'stream' is invalidated, but otherwise unmodified.  If 'version' is
///      // supported but 'stream' becomes invalid during this operation, this
///      // object has an undefined, but valid, state.  Note that no version is
///      // read from 'stream'.  See the 'bslx' package-level documentation for
///      // more information on BDEX streaming of value-semantic types and
///      // containers.
///
///  // ACCESSORS
///  template <class STREAM>
///  STREAM& bdexStreamOut(STREAM& stream, int version) const;
///      // Write the value of this object, using the specified 'version' format,
///      // to the specified output 'stream', and return a reference to 'stream'.
///      // If 'stream' is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  If
///      // 'version' is not supported, 'stream' is invalidated, but otherwise
///      // unmodified.  Note that 'version' is not written to 'stream'.  See the
///      // 'bslx' package-level documentation for more information on BDEX
///      // streaming of value-semantic types and containers.
/// @endcode
///
/// ### Selection of Streams
///
/// At present, there are two pairs of concrete BDEX-compliant streams in 'bslx':
/// @code
///  Out Stream               In Stream              Informal Designation
///  -------------------      ------------------     --------------------
///  bslx::ByteOutStream      bslx::ByteInStream     "Production Streams"
///  bslx::TestOutStream      bslx::TestInStream     "Test Streams"
/// @endcode
/// The informal designations are used throughout this document.
///
/// In general, the concrete "in streams" and "out streams" must be used in
/// matched pairs.  For example, the user should not expect correct behavior if an
/// object is externalized to a 'bslx::TestOutStream' and then unexternalized from
/// a seemingly-appropriately-constructed 'bslx::ByteInStream'.  Each pair of
/// streams is designed with different aims in mind, and so their exact formats
/// may vary.
///
/// The typical user will probably be content to use the production streams for
/// most purposes.  We will assume that the production stream is the "correct"
/// choice without further explicit discussion in most usage examples.  See the
/// individual stream component documentation for specific details about using
/// test streams.  The test streams are meant for testing *only*.
///
/// ## Using BDEX with Your Own Class
///
/// We will show a very brief example of a fictitious 'MyPoint' class whose
/// intended purpose is to hold a pair of 'int' values representing a point in a
/// two-dimensional rectilinear coordinate space.  We will first define the class
/// without BDEX support and then add that support.  Note that, in this example,
/// most of the required documentation and some required methods and free
/// operators are omitted for ease of viewing.
///
/// A simple implementation of 'MyPoint' might be:
/// @code
///   class MyPoint {
///       int d_x;
///       int d_y;
///
///     public:
///       // CREATORS
///       MyPoint() : d_x(0), d_y(0) { }
///       MyPoint(int x, int y) : d_x(x), d_y(y) { }
///       MyPoint(const MyPoint& original)
///         : d_x(original.d_x), d_y(original.d_y) { }
///       ~MyPoint() { }
///
///       // MANIPULATORS
///       MyPoint& operator=(const MyPoint& rhs)
///           { d_x = rhs.d_x;  d_y = rhs.d_y;  return *this; }
///       void setX(int x) { d_x = x; }
///       void setY(int y) { d_y = y; }
///
///       // ACCESSORS
///       int x() const { return d_x; }
///       int y() const { return d_y; }
///   };
/// @endcode
/// Putting other design decisions to one side for this discussion, we may ask:
/// How would we incorporate BDEX streaming into such a class?  We observe that
/// the actual data footprint of such a point class is two 'int' values.  If BDEX
/// succeeds in externalizing these two 'int' values (preserving their order),
/// then the task is accomplished.
///
/// The function-level documentation should make the purpose of each method clear,
/// and we will show the implementations for 'MyPoint' soon, but first let's just
/// say a few words about "version".  In a nutshell, the version is set to 1 in
/// the initial release of the class, and in the best of all worlds, the version
/// stays 1 forever.  If, however, for some reason the developer wishes to alter
/// the BDEX streaming contract (e.g., for some performance reasons), the explicit
/// version maintains backward compatibility.
///
/// Adding the three methods to 'MyPoint' that are required for BDEX-compliance is
/// straightforward:
/// @code
///   class MyPoint {
///       int d_x;
///       int d_y;
///
///     public:
///       // CLASS METHODS
///       static int maxSupportedBdexVersion(int versionSelector);
///           // Return the maximum valid BDEX format version, as indicated by the
///           // specified 'versionSelector', to be passed to the 'bdexStreamOut'
///           // method.  Note that it is highly recommended that
///           // 'versionSelector' be formatted as "YYYYMMDD", a date
///           // representation.  Also note that 'versionSelector' should be a
///           // *compile*-time-chosen value that selects a format version
///           // supported by both externalizer and unexternalizer.  See the
///           // 'bslx' package-level documentation for more information on BDEX
///           // streaming of value-semantic types and containers.
///
///       // CREATORS
///       MyPoint() : d_x(0), d_y(0) { }
///       MyPoint(int x, int y) : d_x(x), d_y(y) { }
///       MyPoint(const MyPoint& original)
///         : d_x(original.d_x), d_y(original.d_y) { }
///       ~MyPoint() { }
///
///       // MANIPULATORS
///       MyPoint& operator=(const MyPoint& rhs)
///           { d_x = rhs.d_x;  d_y = rhs.d_y;  return *this; }
///       void setX(int x) { d_x = x; }
///       void setY(int y) { d_y = y; }
///
///       template <class STREAM>
///       STREAM& bdexStreamIn(STREAM& stream, int version);
///           // Assign to this object the value read from the specified input
///           // 'stream' using the specified 'version' format, and return a
///           // reference to 'stream'.  If 'stream' is initially invalid, this
///           // operation has no effect.  If 'version' is not supported, this
///           // object is unaltered and 'stream' is invalidated, but otherwise
///           // unmodified.  If 'version' is supported but 'stream' becomes
///           // invalid during this operation, this object has an undefined, but
///           // valid, state.  Note that no version is read from 'stream'.  See
///           // the 'bslx' package-level documentation for more information on
///           // BDEX streaming of value-semantic types and containers.
///
///       // ACCESSORS
///       int x() const { return d_x; }
///       int y() const { return d_y; }
///
///       template <class STREAM>
///       STREAM& bdexStreamOut(STREAM& stream, int version) const;
///           // Write the value of this object, using the specified 'version'
///           // format, to the specified output 'stream', and return a reference
///           // to 'stream'.  If 'stream' is initially invalid, this operation
///           // has no effect.  If 'version' is not supported, 'stream' is
///           // invalidated, but otherwise unmodified.  Note that 'version' is
///           // not written to 'stream'.  See the 'bslx' package-level
///           // documentation for more information on BDEX streaming of
///           // value-semantic types and containers.
///   };
/// @endcode
/// The implementations of the new BDEX-required methods might be as follows.  The
/// 'maxSupportedBdexVersion' method simply returns the value 1 regardless of the
/// 'versionSelector' requested:
/// @code
///  inline
///  int MyPoint::maxSupportedBdexVersion(int versionSelector)
///  {
///      return 1;
///  }
/// @endcode
/// The 'bdexStreamOut' method is an accessor (i.e., a 'const' instance method),
/// and is therefore a bit simpler, so we'll show that one first.  Anyway, it's a
/// bit more logical to see the output format before implementing the input
/// format.  The method is a template method parameterized by 'STREAM', and the
/// "protocol" of that 'STREAM' must be compatible with the BDEX contract.  We can
/// therefore safely assume that the 'stream' object has the required methods.
/// See the "The BDEX Protocols" section above for the contracts.  The heart of
/// the method is the two sequential calls to 'putInt32', which externalize the
/// 'x' and 'y' coordinates of the point value, in that order.  These two lines
/// are all the "new" code that the developer must understand and implement.
/// Except for changing the class name from our 'MyPoint' example, the rest of the
/// code can be copied into the new component implementation directly.  Note that
/// this template method is implemented in the header of the component defining
/// 'MyClass':
/// @code
///  template <class STREAM>
///  STREAM& MyPoint::bdexStreamOut(STREAM& stream, int version) const
///  {
///      switch (version) {
///        case 1: { // Implementation-specific code goes here.
///          stream.putInt32(d_x);
///          stream.putInt32(d_y);
///        } break;
///        default: {
///          stream.invalidate();
///        } break;
///      }
///      return stream;
///  }
/// @endcode
/// Having implemented 'bdexStreamOut', implementing 'bdexStreamIn' is extremely
/// straightforward, involving a template member function whose body can be safely
/// copied from this example or from any appropriate component.  Note that the two
/// sequential calls to 'getInt32' must match, in both method selection and data
/// member order, the 'putInt32' methods used in the 'bdexStreamOut' method:
/// @code
///  template <class STREAM>
///  STREAM& MyPoint::bdexStreamIn(STREAM& stream, int version)
///  {
///      if (stream) {
///          switch (version) {
///              // switch on the schema version (starting with 1)
///            case 1: { // Implementation-specific code goes here.
///              stream.getInt32(d_x);
///              stream.getInt32(d_y);
///            } break;
///            default: {
///              stream.invalidate();
///            } break;
///          }
///      }
///      return stream;
///  }
/// @endcode
/// The above implementation is sufficient for our point class, and with a very
/// few additional considerations, illustrates the general recipe for
/// incorporating BDEX streaming into a class that has an externalizable value.
///
/// Very briefly, we will mention two considerations that may be important when
/// implementing a type that is more complicated than our simple point class.
///
/// For our first consideration, notice that, for our simple point class, any
/// pattern of bits within the two 'int' data members represents a valid value.
/// However, in general, since we require the state of an object to be valid in
/// the face of a stream error (e.g., an exception being thrown during streaming
/// in), the manipulator method 'bdexStreamIn' must validate the input data, set
/// the object to some valid state in the case of an error, and invalidate the
/// stream before returning.
///
/// The second consideration is that if the new type being implemented has as a
/// data member a type that is already BDEX-compliant, the new implementation
/// would use that data member's BDEX methods rather than the stream's methods
/// directly.  This is important for encapsulation.
///
/// ## Recommended Selection of versionSelector
///
/// BDEX provides two concepts that support versioning the BDEX serialization
/// format of a type: 'version' and 'versionSelector'.  A 'version' is a 1-based
/// integer indicating one of the supported formats (e.g., format 1, format 2,
/// etc.).  A 'versionSelector' is a value that is mapped to a 'version' for a
/// type by the type's implementation of 'maxSupportedBdexVersion'.
///
/// Selecting a value for a 'versionSelector' is required at two different points:
/// (1) when implementing a new 'version' format within the 'bdexStreamIn' and
/// 'bdexStreamOut' methods of a type, and (2) when implementing code that
/// constructs a BDEX 'OutStream'.  In both cases, the value should be a
/// *compile*-time-selected value.
///
/// When a new 'version' format is implemented within the 'bdexStreamIn' and
/// 'bdexStreamOut' methods of a type, a new mapping in 'maxSupportedBdexVersion'
/// should be created to expose this new 'version' with a 'versionSelector'.  A
/// simple - and the recommended - approach is to use a value having the pattern
/// "YYYYMMDD", where "YYYYMMDD" corresponds to the "go-live" date of the
/// corresponding 'version' format.
///
/// When constructing an 'OutStream', a simple approach is to use the current date
/// as a *compile*-time constant value (but see {Updating Production Systems}).
/// In combination with the recommended selection of 'versionSelector' values for
/// 'maxSupportedBdexVersion', this will result in consistent and predictable
/// behavior while externalizing types.  Note that this recommendation is chosen
/// for its simplicity: to ensure the largest possible audience for an
/// externalized representation, clients can select the minimum date value that
/// will result in the desired version of all types externalized with 'operator<<'
/// being selected.
///
/// Clients streaming one or more objects with BDEX create a stream and supply a
/// 'versionSelector':
/// @code
///  MyObject foo( /* some value */ );
///  bslx::ByteOutStream stream(20140725);   // The minimum date that will
///                                          // result in all streamed types
///                                          // using the correct versions
///                                          // during externalization.
///  stream << foo;
/// @endcode
/// Notice that the 'versionSelector' is a *compile*-time-selected value (in this
/// case, the minimum date that will result in all streamed types using the
/// correct versions during externalization) that can be mapped to the
/// serialization format version of the types being serialized.  The receiver of
/// this information must support all these versions as well.  Specifying future
/// dates or allowing a run-time selection of 'versionSelector' is error prone:
/// tasks exchanging serialized data are often compiled and deployed at different
/// times, which would result in serialization errors if they were selecting a
/// serialization version at run-time (there is no guarantee the receiver has been
/// rebuilt to accept the updated format version).
///
/// For an example, assume the 'MyPoint' class is determined to need 64-bit
/// storage for the coordinate values.  The new 'bdexStreamIn' and 'bdexStreamOut'
/// code might be implemented as:
/// @code
///  template <class STREAM>
///  STREAM& MyPoint::bdexStreamIn(STREAM& stream, int version)
///  {
///      if (stream) {
///          switch (version) {
///              // switch on the schema version (starting with 1)
///            case 2: { // Implementation-specific code goes here.
///              stream.getInt64(d_x);
///              stream.getInt64(d_y);
///            } break;
///            case 1: { // NOTE: 'd_x' and 'd_y' were switched to 64-bit
///              int tmp;
///              stream.getInt32(tmp);
///              d_x = static_cast<bsls::Types::Int64>(tmp);
///              stream.getInt32(tmp);
///              d_y = static_cast<bsls::Types::Int64>(tmp);
///            } break;
///            default: {
///              stream.invalidate();
///            } break;
///          }
///      }
///      return stream;
///  }
///
///  template <class STREAM>
///  STREAM& MyPoint::bdexStreamOut(STREAM& stream, int version) const
///  {
///      switch (version) {
///        case 2: {
///          stream.putInt64(d_x);
///          stream.putInt64(d_y);
///        } break;
///        case 1: { // NOTE: 'd_x' and 'd_y' were switched to 64-bit
///          stream.putInt32(static_cast<int>(d_x));
///          stream.putInt32(static_cast<int>(d_y));
///        } break;
///        default: {
///          stream.invalidate();
///        } break;
///      }
///      return stream;
///  }
/// @endcode
/// The corresponding 'maxSupportedBdexVersion', where 2014/04/02 is the date on
/// which the new version is introduced, might look something like:
/// @code
///  inline
///  int MyPoint::maxSupportedBdexVersion(int versionSelector)
///  {
///      if (versionSelector >= 20140402) {
///          return 2;                                                   // RETURN
///      }
///      return 1;
///  }
/// @endcode
///
////Updating Production Systems
///----------------------------
/// The basic recommendation for choosing a 'versionSelector' (which is supplied
/// to the BDEX 'OutStream' constructor) is to use the current date as a
/// *compile*-time constant value.  Using the current date will select the most
/// recent BDEX version.  However, in environments were multiple tasks may be
/// reading the resulting serialized value, it is important to ensure that all the
/// tasks participating in the system are capable of reading that BDEX version
/// before selecting it as an output version.
///
/// The roll-out of a new BDEX version for an existing type ('A') in a production
/// system typically involves these steps:
///
///  1. Update Type 'A', introducing a new BDEX version, and version selector for
///    that version that is the date the change is expected to "go-live".
/// 
///  2. Rebuild and redeploy all the tasks that de-serialize 'A'.
/// 
///  3. Update the version selector for tasks that serialize 'A' (choosing the date
///    used in step 1).
/// 
///  4. Rebuild and redeploy all the tasks that serialize 'A'.
///
/// ## Overloading BDEX Free Functions
///
/// For third-party components, and potentially enumerations, three free functions
/// are available for overloading to allow BDEX streaming of these types.
/// Overloading these methods takes priority over any class methods defined for
/// similar functionality.  Note that either none or all three must be overloaded
/// to ensure proper behavior.
///
/// Within the component's namespace, the following methods may be overloaded:
/// @code
///  template <class STREAM, class TYPE>
///  STREAM& bdexStreamIn(STREAM& stream, TYPE& variable, int version);
///      // Assign to the specified 'variable' the 'TYPE' value read from the
///      // specified input 'stream' using the specified 'version' format, and
///      // return a reference to 'stream'.  If 'stream' is initially invalid,
///      // this operation has no effect.  If 'version' is not supported by
///      // 'TYPE', 'variable' is unaltered and 'stream' is invalidated, but
///      // otherwise unmodified.  If 'version' is supported by 'TYPE' but
///      // 'stream' becomes invalid during this operation, 'variable' has an
///      // undefined, but valid, state.  The behavior is undefined unless
///      // 'STREAM' and 'TYPE' are BDEX-compliant.  Note that no version is read
///      // from 'stream'.  See the 'bslx' package-level documentation for more
///      // information on BDEX streaming of value-semantic types and containers.
///
///  template <class STREAM, class TYPE>
///  STREAM& bdexStreamOut(STREAM& stream, const TYPE& value, int version);
///      // Write the specified 'value', using the specified 'version' format, to
///      // the specified output 'stream', and return a reference to 'stream'.  If
///      // 'stream' is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  If
///      // 'version' is not supported by 'TYPE', 'stream' is invalidated, but
///      // otherwise unmodified.  The behavior is undefined unless 'STREAM' and
///      // 'TYPE' are BDEX-compliant.  Note that 'version' is not written to
///      // 'stream'.  See the 'bslx' package-level documentation for more
///      // information on BDEX streaming of value-semantic types and containers.
///
///  template <class TYPE>
///  int maxSupportedBdexVersion(const TYPE *, int versionSelector);
///      // Return the maximum valid BDEX format version, as indicated by the
///      // specified 'versionSelector', to be passed to the 'bdexStreamOut'
///      // method while streaming an object of the (template parameter) type
///      // 'TYPE'.  Note that it is highly recommended that 'versionSelector' be
///      // formatted as "YYYYMMDD", a date representation.  Also note that
///      // 'versionSelector' should be a *compile*-time-chosen value that selects
///      // a format version supported by both externalizer and unexternalizer.
///      // See the 'bslx' package-level documentation for more information on
///      // BDEX streaming of value-semantic types and containers.
/// @endcode
/// As a brief example, consider the following enumeration that is to be streamed
/// as an 8-bit integer as opposed to the default 32-bit integer:
/// @code
///  namespace ThirdParty {
///
///  struct MyStruct {
///    public:
///      enum Value {
///          e_A = 7,
///          e_B = 8,
///          e_C = 9
///      };
///  };
///
///  template <class STREAM>
///  STREAM& bdexStreamIn(STREAM& stream, MyStruct::Value& value, int version)
///  {
///      using bslx::InStreamFunctions::bdexStreamIn;
///
///      if (stream) {
///          switch (version) {
///            case 1: {
///              char newValue;
///              stream.getInt8(newValue);
///              if (stream) {
///                  value = static_cast<MyStruct::Value>(newValue);
///              }
///            } break;
///            default: {
///              stream.invalidate();
///            } break;
///          }
///      }
///      return stream;
///  }
///
///  template <class STREAM>
///  STREAM& bdexStreamOut(STREAM&                stream,
///                        const MyStruct::Value& value,
///                        int                    version)
///  {
///      using bslx::OutStreamFunctions::bdexStreamOut;
///
///      if (stream) {
///          switch (version) {
///            case 1: {
///              stream.putInt8(static_cast<char>(value));
///            } break;
///            default: {
///              stream.invalidate();
///            } break;
///          }
///      }
///      return stream;
///  }
///
///  inline
///  int maxSupportedBdexVersion(const MyStruct::Value *,
///                              int                    versionSelector)
///  {
///      using bslx::VersionFunctions::maxSupportedBdexVersion;
///
///      return 1;
///  }
///
///  }  // close ThirdParty namespace
/// @endcode
///
/// ## Backward Compatibility with Older BDEX Serialization Packages
///
/// Users of the previous implementation of the BDEX concept can find
/// documentation on compatibility in the older package documentation.
///
/// ### Appendix I: The BDEX OutStream Protocol
///
/// In this section we present the function documentation of BDEX 'OutStream',
/// which serves as the "documentation protocol" for all BDEX-compliant output
/// streams:
/// @code
///      // MANIPULATORS
///      void invalidate();
///          // Put this output stream in an invalid state.  This function has no
///          // effect if this stream is already invalid.
///
///      OutStream& putLength(int length);
///          // If the specified 'length' is less than 128, write to this stream
///          // the one-byte integer comprised of the least-significant one byte
///          // of the 'length'; otherwise, write to this stream the four-byte,
///          // two's complement integer (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant four bytes of the 'length' (in host byte order)
///          // with the most-significant bit set.  Return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= length'.
///
///      OutStream& putVersion(int version);
///          // Write to this stream the one-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integer comprised of the least-significant one byte of the
///          // specified 'version', and return a reference to this stream.  If
///          // this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///      void reserveCapacity(int newCapacity);
///          // Set the internal buffer size of this stream to be at least the
///          // specified 'newCapacity' (in bytes).  The behavior is undefined
///          // unless '0 <= newCapacity'.
///
///      void reset();
///          // Remove all content in this stream and validate this stream if it
///          // is currently invalid.
///
///                        // *** scalar integer values ***
///
///      OutStream& putInt64(bsls::Types::Int64 value);
///          // Write to this stream the eight-byte, two's complement integer (in
///          // network byte order) comprised of the least-significant eight bytes
///          // of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putUint64(bsls::Types::Uint64 value);
///          // Write to this stream the eight-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integer (in network byte order) comprised of the least-significant
///          // eight bytes of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and
///          // return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially
///          // invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putInt56(bsls::Types::Int64 value);
///          // Write to this stream the seven-byte, two's complement integer (in
///          // network byte order) comprised of the least-significant seven bytes
///          // of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putUint56(bsls::Types::Uint64 value);
///          // Write to this stream the seven-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integer (in network byte order) comprised of the least-significant
///          // seven bytes of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and
///          // return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially
///          // invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putInt48(bsls::Types::Int64 value);
///          // Write to this stream the six-byte, two's complement integer (in
///          // network byte order) comprised of the least-significant six bytes
///          // of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putUint48(bsls::Types::Uint64 value);
///          // Write to this stream the six-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integer (in network byte order) comprised of the least-significant
///          // six bytes of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and
///          // return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially
///          // invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putInt40(bsls::Types::Int64 value);
///          // Write to this stream the five-byte, two's complement integer (in
///          // network byte order) comprised of the least-significant five bytes
///          // of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putUint40(bsls::Types::Uint64 value);
///          // Write to this stream the five-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integer (in network byte order) comprised of the least-significant
///          // five bytes of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and
///          // return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially
///          // invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putInt32(int value);
///          // Write to this stream the four-byte, two's complement integer (in
///          // network byte order) comprised of the least-significant four bytes
///          // of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putUint32(unsigned int value);
///          // Write to this stream the four-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integer (in network byte order) comprised of the least-significant
///          // four bytes of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and
///          // return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially
///          // invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putInt24(int value);
///          // Write to this stream the three-byte, two's complement integer (in
///          // network byte order) comprised of the least-significant three bytes
///          // of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putUint24(unsigned int value);
///          // Write to this stream the three-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integer (in network byte order) comprised of the least-significant
///          // three bytes of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and
///          // return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially
///          // invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putInt16(int value);
///          // Write to this stream the two-byte, two's complement integer (in
///          // network byte order) comprised of the least-significant two bytes
///          // of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putUint16(unsigned int value);
///          // Write to this stream the two-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integer (in network byte order) comprised of the least-significant
///          // two bytes of the specified 'value' (in host byte order), and
///          // return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially
///          // invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putInt8(int value);
///          // Write to this stream the one-byte, two's complement integer
///          // comprised of the least-significant one byte of the specified
///          // 'value', and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///      OutStream& putUint8(unsigned int value);
///          // Write to this stream the one-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integer comprised of the least-significant one byte of the
///          // specified 'value', and return a reference to this stream.  If this
///          // stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///                        // *** scalar floating-point values ***
///
///      OutStream& putFloat64(double value);
///          // Write to this stream the eight-byte IEEE double-precision
///          // floating-point number (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // most-significant eight bytes of the specified 'value' (in host
///          // byte order), and return a reference to this stream.  If this
///          // stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  Note
///          // that for non-conforming platforms, this operation may be lossy.
///
///      OutStream& putFloat32(float value);
///          // Write to this stream the four-byte IEEE single-precision
///          // floating-point number (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // most-significant four bytes of the specified 'value' (in host byte
///          // order), and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  Note that for
///          // non-conforming platforms, this operation may be lossy.
///
///                        // *** string values ***
///
///      OutStream& putString(const bsl::string& value);
///          // Write to this stream the length of the specified 'value' (see
///          // 'putLength') and an array of one-byte, two's complement unsigned
///          // integers comprised of the least-significant one byte of each
///          // character in the 'value', and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///
///                        // *** arrays of integer values ***
///
///      OutStream& putArrayInt64(const bsls::Types::Int64 *values,
///                               int                       numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive eight-byte, two's complement
///          // integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant eight bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayUint64(const bsls::Types::Uint64 *values,
///                                int                        numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive eight-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant eight bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayInt56(const bsls::Types::Int64 *values,
///                               int                       numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive seven-byte, two's complement
///          // integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant seven bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayUint56(const bsls::Types::Uint64 *values,
///                                int                        numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive seven-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant seven bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayInt48(const bsls::Types::Int64 *values,
///                               int                       numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive six-byte, two's complement
///          // integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant six bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayUint48(const bsls::Types::Uint64 *values,
///                                int                        numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive six-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant six bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayInt40(const bsls::Types::Int64 *values,
///                               int                       numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive five-byte, two's complement
///          // integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant five bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayUint40(const bsls::Types::Uint64 *values,
///                                int                        numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive five-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant five bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayInt32(const int *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive four-byte, two's complement
///          // integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant four bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayUint32(const unsigned int *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive four-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant four bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayInt24(const int *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive three-byte, two's complement
///          // integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant three bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayUint24(const unsigned int *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive three-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant three bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayInt16(const short *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive two-byte, two's complement
///          // integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant two bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayUint16(const unsigned short *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive two-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integers (in network byte order) comprised of the
///          // least-significant two bytes of each of the specified 'numValues'
///          // leading entries in the specified 'values' (in host byte order),
///          // and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is
///          // initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayInt8(const char        *values, int numValues);
///      OutStream& putArrayInt8(const signed char *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive one-byte, two's complement
///          // integers comprised of the least-significant one byte of each of
///          // the specified 'numValues' leading entries in the specified
///          // 'values', and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream
///          // is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior
///          // is undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayUint8(const char          *values, int numValues);
///      OutStream& putArrayUint8(const unsigned char *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive one-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integers comprised of the least-significant one byte of
///          // each of the specified 'numValues' leading entries in the specified
///          // 'values', and return a reference to this stream.  If this stream
///          // is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  The behavior
///          // is undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has sufficient
///          // contents.
///
///                        // *** arrays of floating-point values ***
///
///      OutStream& putArrayFloat64(const double *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive eight-byte IEEE
///          // double-precision floating-point numbers (in network byte order)
///          // comprised of the most-significant eight bytes of each of the
///          // specified 'numValues' leading entries in the specified 'values'
///          // (in host byte order), and return a reference to this stream.  If
///          // this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has
///          // sufficient contents.  Note that for non-conforming platforms, this
///          // operation may be lossy.
///
///      OutStream& putArrayFloat32(const float *values, int numValues);
///          // Write to this stream the consecutive four-byte IEEE
///          // single-precision floating-point numbers (in network byte order)
///          // comprised of the most-significant four bytes of each of the
///          // specified 'numValues' leading entries in the specified 'values'
///          // (in host byte order), and return a reference to this stream.  If
///          // this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numValues' and 'values' has
///          // sufficient contents.  Note that for non-conforming platforms, this
///          // operation may be lossy.
///
///      // ACCESSORS
///      operator const void *() const;
///          // Return a non-zero value if this stream is valid, and 0 otherwise.
///          // An invalid stream is a stream for which an output operation was
///          // detected to have failed or 'invalidate' was called.
///
///      int bdexVersionSelector() const;
///          // Return the 'versionSelector' to be used with 'operator<<' for BDEX
///          // streaming as per the 'bslx' package-level documentation.
///
///      const char *data() const;
///          // Return the address of the contiguous, non-modifiable internal
///          // memory buffer of this stream.  The address will remain valid as
///          // long as this stream is not destroyed or modified.  The behavior of
///          // accessing elements outside the range
///          // '[ data() .. data() + (length() - 1) ]' is undefined.
///
///      bool isValid() const;
///          // Return 'true' if this stream is valid, and 'false' otherwise.  An
///          // invalid stream is a stream for which an output operation was
///          // detected to have failed or 'invalidate' was called.
///
///      bsl::size_t length() const;
///          // Return the number of bytes in this stream.
///
///  // FREE OPERATORS
///  template <class TYPE>
///  OutStream& operator<<(OutStream& stream, const TYPE& value);
///      // Write the specified 'value' to the specified output 'stream' following
///      // the requirements of the BDEX protocol (see the 'bslx' package-level
///      // documentation), and return a reference to 'stream'.  The behavior is
///      // undefined unless 'TYPE' is BDEX-compliant.
/// @endcode
///
/// ### Appendix II: The BDEX InStream Protocol
///
/// In this section we present the function documentation of BDEX 'InStream',
/// which serves as the "documentation protocol" for all BDEX-compliant input
/// streams:
/// @code
///      // MANIPULATORS
///      InStream& getLength(int& length);
///          // If the most-significant bit of the one byte of this stream at the
///          // current cursor location is set, assign to the specified 'length'
///          // the four-byte, two's complement integer (in host byte order)
///          // comprised of the four bytes of this stream at the current cursor
///          // location (in network byte order) with the most-significant bit
///          // unset; otherwise, assign to 'length' the one-byte, two's
///          // complement integer comprised of the one byte of this stream at the
///          // current cursor location.  Update the cursor location and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'length' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getVersion(int& version);
///          // Assign to the specified 'version' the one-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integer comprised of the one byte of this stream at the
///          // current cursor location, update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'version' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // zero-extended.
///
///      void invalidate();
///          // Put this input stream in an invalid state.  This function has no
///          // effect if this stream is already invalid.  Note that this function
///          // should be called whenever a value extracted from this stream is
///          // determined to be invalid, inconsistent, or otherwise incorrect.
///
///      void reset();
///          // Set the index of the next byte to be extracted from this stream to
///          // 0 (i.e., the beginning of the stream) and validate this stream if
///          // it is currently invalid.
///
///      void reset(const char *buffer, bsl::size_t numBytes);
///          // Reset this stream to extract from the specified 'buffer'
///          // containing the specified 'numBytes', set the index of the next
///          // byte to be extracted to 0 (i.e., the beginning of the stream), and
///          // validate this stream if it is currently invalid.  The behavior is
///          // undefined unless '0 == numBytes' if '0 == buffer'.
///
///      void reset(const bslstl::StringRef& srcData);
///          // Reset this stream to extract from the specified 'srcData', set the
///          // index of the next byte to be extracted to 0 (i.e., the beginning
///          // of the stream), and validate this stream if it is currently
///          // invalid.
///
///                        // *** scalar integer values ***
///
///      InStream& getInt64(bsls::Types::Int64& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the eight-byte, two's
///          // complement integer (in host byte order) comprised of the eight
///          // bytes of this stream at the current cursor location (in network
///          // byte order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to
///          // this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation
///          // has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a
///          // valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of
///          // 'variable' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getUint64(bsls::Types::Uint64& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the eight-byte, two's
///          // complement unsigned integer (in host byte order) comprised of the
///          // eight bytes of this stream at the current cursor location (in
///          // network byte order), update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'variable' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getInt56(bsls::Types::Int64& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the seven-byte, two's
///          // complement integer (in host byte order) comprised of the seven
///          // bytes of this stream at the current cursor location (in network
///          // byte order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to
///          // this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation
///          // has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a
///          // valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of
///          // 'variable' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getUint56(bsls::Types::Uint64& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the seven-byte, two's
///          // complement unsigned integer (in host byte order) comprised of the
///          // seven bytes of this stream at the current cursor location (in
///          // network byte order), update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'variable' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getInt48(bsls::Types::Int64& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the six-byte, two's complement
///          // integer (in host byte order) comprised of the six bytes of this
///          // stream at the current cursor location (in network byte order),
///          // update the cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variable' is undefined.
///          // Note that the value will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getUint48(bsls::Types::Uint64& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the six-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integer (in host byte order) comprised of the six bytes
///          // of this stream at the current cursor location (in network byte
///          // order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid
///          // value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variable'
///          // is undefined.  Note that the value will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getInt40(bsls::Types::Int64& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the five-byte, two's complement
///          // integer (in host byte order) comprised of the five bytes of this
///          // stream at the current cursor location (in network byte order),
///          // update the cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variable' is undefined.
///          // Note that the value will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getUint40(bsls::Types::Uint64& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the five-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integer (in host byte order) comprised of the five bytes
///          // of this stream at the current cursor location (in network byte
///          // order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid
///          // value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variable'
///          // is undefined.  Note that the value will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getInt32(int& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the four-byte, two's complement
///          // integer (in host byte order) comprised of the four bytes of this
///          // stream at the current cursor location (in network byte order),
///          // update the cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variable' is undefined.
///          // Note that the value will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getUint32(unsigned int& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the four-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integer (in host byte order) comprised of the four bytes
///          // of this stream at the current cursor location (in network byte
///          // order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid
///          // value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variable'
///          // is undefined.  Note that the value will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getInt24(int& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the three-byte, two's
///          // complement integer (in host byte order) comprised of the three
///          // bytes of this stream at the current cursor location (in network
///          // byte order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to
///          // this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation
///          // has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a
///          // valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of
///          // 'variable' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getUint24(unsigned int& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the three-byte, two's
///          // complement unsigned integer (in host byte order) comprised of the
///          // three bytes of this stream at the current cursor location (in
///          // network byte order), update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'variable' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getInt16(short& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the two-byte, two's complement
///          // integer (in host byte order) comprised of the two bytes of this
///          // stream at the current cursor location (in network byte order),
///          // update the cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variable' is undefined.
///          // Note that the value will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getUint16(unsigned short& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the two-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integer (in host byte order) comprised of the two bytes
///          // of this stream at the current cursor location (in network byte
///          // order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid
///          // value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variable'
///          // is undefined.  Note that the value will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getInt8(char&        variable);
///      InStream& getInt8(signed char& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the one-byte, two's complement
///          // integer comprised of the one byte of this stream at the current
///          // cursor location, update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'variable' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getUint8(char&          variable);
///      InStream& getUint8(unsigned char& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the one-byte, two's complement
///          // unsigned integer comprised of the one byte of this stream at the
///          // current cursor location, update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'variable' is undefined.  Note that the value will be
///          // zero-extended.
///
///                        // *** scalar floating-point values ***
///
///      InStream& getFloat64(double& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the eight-byte IEEE
///          // double-precision floating-point number (in host byte order)
///          // comprised of the eight bytes of this stream at the current cursor
///          // location (in network byte order), update the cursor location, and
///          // return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially
///          // invalid, this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise
///          // fails to extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and
///          // the value of 'variable' is undefined.
///
///      InStream& getFloat32(float& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the four-byte IEEE
///          // single-precision floating-point number (in host byte order)
///          // comprised of the four bytes of this stream at the current cursor
///          // location (in network byte order), update the cursor location, and
///          // return a reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially
///          // invalid, this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise
///          // fails to extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and
///          // the value of 'variable' is undefined.
///
///                        // *** string values ***
///
///      InStream& getString(bsl::string& variable);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variable' the string comprised of the
///          // length of the string (see 'getLength') and the string data (see
///          // 'getUint8'), update the cursor location, and return a reference to
///          // this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation
///          // has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a
///          // valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of
///          // 'variable' is undefined.
///
///                        // *** arrays of integer values ***
///
///      InStream& getArrayInt64(bsls::Types::Int64 *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive eight-byte,
///          // two's complement integers (in host byte order) comprised of each
///          // of the specified 'numVariables' eight-byte sequences of this
///          // stream at the current cursor location (in network byte order),
///          // update the cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables' is
///          // undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numVariables'
///          // and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note that each of the
///          // values will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayUint64(bsls::Types::Uint64 *variables,
///                               int                  numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive eight-byte,
///          // two's complement unsigned integers (in host byte order) comprised
///          // of each of the specified 'numVariables' eight-byte sequences of
///          // this stream at the current cursor location (in network byte
///          // order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid
///          // value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables'
///          // is undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless
///          // '0 <= numVariables' and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note
///          // that each of the values will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayInt56(bsls::Types::Int64 *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive seven-byte,
///          // two's complement integers (in host byte order) comprised of each
///          // of the specified 'numVariables' seven-byte sequences of this
///          // stream at the current cursor location (in network byte order),
///          // update the cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables' is
///          // undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numVariables'
///          // and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note that each of the
///          // values will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayUint56(bsls::Types::Uint64 *variables,
///                               int                  numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive seven-byte,
///          // two's complement unsigned integers (in host byte order) comprised
///          // of each of the specified 'numVariables' seven-byte sequences of
///          // this stream at the current cursor location (in network byte
///          // order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid
///          // value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables'
///          // is undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless
///          // '0 <= numVariables' and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note
///          // that each of the values will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayInt48(bsls::Types::Int64 *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive six-byte,
///          // two's complement integers (in host byte order) comprised of each
///          // of the specified 'numVariables' six-byte sequences of this stream
///          // at the current cursor location (in network byte order), update the
///          // cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.  If this
///          // stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  If
///          // this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables' is
///          // undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numVariables'
///          // and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note that each of the
///          // values will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayUint48(bsls::Types::Uint64 *variables,
///                               int                  numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive six-byte,
///          // two's complement unsigned integers (in host byte order) comprised
///          // of each of the specified 'numVariables' six-byte sequences of this
///          // stream at the current cursor location (in network byte order),
///          // update the cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables' is
///          // undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numVariables'
///          // and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note that each of the
///          // values will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayInt40(bsls::Types::Int64 *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive five-byte,
///          // two's complement integers (in host byte order) comprised of each
///          // of the specified 'numVariables' five-byte sequences of this stream
///          // at the current cursor location (in network byte order), update the
///          // cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.  If this
///          // stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  If
///          // this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables' is
///          // undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numVariables'
///          // and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note that each of the
///          // values will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayUint40(bsls::Types::Uint64 *variables,
///                               int                  numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive five-byte,
///          // two's complement unsigned integers (in host byte order) comprised
///          // of each of the specified 'numVariables' five-byte sequences of
///          // this stream at the current cursor location (in network byte
///          // order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid
///          // value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables'
///          // is undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless
///          // '0 <= numVariables' and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note
///          // that each of the values will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayInt32(int *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive four-byte,
///          // two's complement integers (in host byte order) comprised of each
///          // of the specified 'numVariables' four-byte sequences of this stream
///          // at the current cursor location (in network byte order), update the
///          // cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.  If this
///          // stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  If
///          // this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables' is
///          // undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numVariables'
///          // and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note that each of the
///          // values will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayUint32(unsigned int *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive four-byte,
///          // two's complement unsigned integers (in host byte order) comprised
///          // of each of the specified 'numVariables' four-byte sequences of
///          // this stream at the current cursor location (in network byte
///          // order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid
///          // value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables'
///          // is undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless
///          // '0 <= numVariables' and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note
///          // that each of the values will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayInt24(int *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive three-byte,
///          // two's complement integers (in host byte order) comprised of each
///          // of the specified 'numVariables' three-byte sequences of this
///          // stream at the current cursor location (in network byte order),
///          // update the cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables' is
///          // undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numVariables'
///          // and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note that each of the
///          // values will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayUint24(unsigned int *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive three-byte,
///          // two's complement unsigned integers (in host byte order) comprised
///          // of each of the specified 'numVariables' three-byte sequences of
///          // this stream at the current cursor location (in network byte
///          // order), update the cursor location, and return a reference to this
///          // stream.  If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has
///          // no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid
///          // value, this stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables'
///          // is undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless
///          // '0 <= numVariables' and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note
///          // that each of the values will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayInt16(short *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive two-byte,
///          // two's complement integers (in host byte order) comprised of each
///          // of the specified 'numVariables' two-byte sequences of this stream
///          // at the current cursor location (in network byte order), update the
///          // cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.  If this
///          // stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.  If
///          // this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables' is
///          // undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numVariables'
///          // and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note that each of the
///          // values will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayUint16(unsigned short *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive two-byte,
///          // two's complement unsigned integers (in host byte order) comprised
///          // of each of the specified 'numVariables' two-byte sequences of this
///          // stream at the current cursor location (in network byte order),
///          // update the cursor location, and return a reference to this stream.
///          // If this stream is initially invalid, this operation has no effect.
///          // If this function otherwise fails to extract a valid value, this
///          // stream is marked invalid and the value of 'variables' is
///          // undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless '0 <= numVariables'
///          // and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note that each of the
///          // values will be zero-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayInt8(char *variables,        int numVariables);
///      InStream& getArrayInt8(signed char *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive one-byte,
///          // two's complement integers comprised of each of the specified
///          // 'numVariables' one-byte sequences of this stream at the current
///          // cursor location, update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'variables' is undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless
///          // '0 <= numVariables' and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note
///          // that each of the values will be sign-extended.
///
///      InStream& getArrayUint8(char *variables,          int numVariables);
///      InStream& getArrayUint8(unsigned char *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive one-byte,
///          // two's complement unsigned integers comprised of each of the
///          // specified 'numVariables' one-byte sequences of this stream at the
///          // current cursor location, update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'variables' is undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless
///          // '0 <= numVariables' and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.  Note
///          // that each of the values will be zero-extended.
///
///                        // *** arrays of floating-point values ***
///
///      InStream& getArrayFloat64(double *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive eight-byte
///          // IEEE double-precision floating-point numbers (in host byte order)
///          // comprised of each of the specified 'numVariables' eight-byte
///          // sequences of this stream at the current cursor location (in
///          // network byte order), update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'variables' is undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless
///          // '0 <= numVariables' and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.
///
///      InStream& getArrayFloat32(float *variables, int numVariables);
///          // Assign to the specified 'variables' the consecutive four-byte IEEE
///          // single-precision floating-point numbers (in host byte order)
///          // comprised of each of the specified 'numVariables' four-byte
///          // sequences of this stream at the current cursor location (in
///          // network byte order), update the cursor location, and return a
///          // reference to this stream.  If this stream is initially invalid,
///          // this operation has no effect.  If this function otherwise fails to
///          // extract a valid value, this stream is marked invalid and the value
///          // of 'variables' is undefined.  The behavior is undefined unless
///          // '0 <= numVariables' and 'variables' has sufficient capacity.
///
///      // ACCESSORS
///      operator const void *() const;
///          // Return a non-zero value if this stream is valid, and 0 otherwise.
///          // An invalid stream is a stream for which an input operation was
///          // detected to have failed.
///
///      bsl::size_t cursor() const;
///          // Return the index of the next byte to be extracted from this
///          // stream.
///
///      const char *data() const;
///          // Return the address of the contiguous, non-modifiable external
///          // memory buffer of this stream.  The behavior of accessing elements
///          // outside the range '[ data() .. data() + (length() - 1) ]' is
///          // undefined.
///
///      bool isValid() const;
///          // Return 'true' if this stream is valid, and 'false' otherwise.  An
///          // invalid stream is a stream in which insufficient or invalid data
///          // was detected during an extraction operation.  Note that an empty
///          // stream will be valid unless an extraction attempt or explicit
///          // invalidation causes it to be otherwise.
///
///      bool isEmpty() const;
///          // Return 'true' if this stream is empty, and 'false' otherwise.
///          // Note that this function enables higher-level types to verify that,
///          // after successfully reading all expected data, no data remains.
///
///      bsl::size_t length() const;
///          // Return the total number of bytes stored in the external memory
///          // buffer.
///
///   // FREE OPERATORS
///   template <class TYPE>
///   InStream& operator>>(InStream& stream, TYPE& value);
///       // Read the specified 'value' from the specified input 'stream'
///       // following the requirements of the BDEX protocol (see the 'bslx'
///       // package-level documentation), and return a reference to 'stream'.
///       // The behavior is undefined unless 'TYPE' is BDEX-compliant.
/// @endcode
///
/// @}
/** @} */