bslstl_bitset.h

Go to the documentation of this file.

/// @file bslstl_bitset.h
///
/// The content of this file has been pre-processed for Doxygen.
///
 
 
// bslstl_bitset.h                                                    -*-C++-*-
#ifndef INCLUDED_BSLSTL_BITSET
#define INCLUDED_BSLSTL_BITSET
 
#include <bsls_ident.h>
BSLS_IDENT("$Id: $")
 
/// @defgroup bslstl_bitset bslstl_bitset
/// @brief  Provide an STL-compliant bitset class.
/// @addtogroup bsl
/// @{
/// @addtogroup bslstl
/// @{
/// @addtogroup bslstl_bitset
/// @{
///
/// <h1> Outline </h1>
/// * <a href="#bslstl_bitset-purpose"> Purpose</a>
/// * <a href="#bslstl_bitset-classes"> Classes </a>
/// * <a href="#bslstl_bitset-description"> Description </a>
///   * <a href="#bslstl_bitset-usage"> Usage </a>
///     * <a href="#bslstl_bitset-example-1-determining-if-a-number-is-prime"> Example 1: Determining if a Number is Prime (Sieve of Eratosthenes) </a>
///
/// # Purpose {#bslstl_bitset-purpose}
/// Provide an STL-compliant bitset class.
///
/// # Classes {#bslstl_bitset-classes}
///
/// -  bsl::bitset: STL-compatible bitset template
///
/// **Canonical header:**  bsl_bitset.h
///
/// @see  package bos+stdhdrs in the bos package group
///
/// # Description {#bslstl_bitset-description}
/// This component is for internal use only.  Please include
/// `<bsl_bitset.h>` instead and use `bsl::bitset` directly.  This component
/// implements a static bitset class that is suitable for use as an
/// implementation of the `std::bitset` class template.
///
/// ## Usage {#bslstl_bitset-usage}
///
///
/// This section illustrates intended use of this component.
///
/// ### Example 1: Determining if a Number is Prime (Sieve of Eratosthenes) {#bslstl_bitset-example-1-determining-if-a-number-is-prime}
///
///
/// Suppose we want to write a function to determine whether or not a given
/// number is prime.  One way to implement this function is by using what's
/// called the Sieve of Eratosthenes.  The basic idea of this algorithm is to
/// repeatedly walk the sequence of integer values and mark any numbers up to
/// and including the particular value of interest that are integer multiples of
/// first 2, then 3, then 5, etc. (skipping 4 because it was previously marked
/// when we walked the sequence by 2's).  Once we have walked the sequence with
/// all primes up to and including the square root of the number of interest, we
/// check to see if that number has been marked: If it has, it's composite;
/// otherwise it's prime.
///
/// When implementing this classic algorithm, we need an efficient way of
/// representing a flag for each potential prime number.  The following
/// illustrates how we can use `bsl::bitset` to accomplish this result, provided
/// we know an upper bound on supplied candidate values at compile time.
///
/// First, we begin to define a function template that will determine whether or
/// not a given candidate value is prime:
/// @code
/// /// Return `true` if the specified `candidate` value is a prime number,
/// /// and `false` otherwise.  The behavior is undefined unless
/// /// `2 <= candidate <= MAX_VALUE`
/// template <unsigned int MAX_VALUE>
/// bool isPrime(int candidate)
/// {
///     BSLMF_ASSERT(2 <= MAX_VALUE);
///     BSLS_ASSERT(2 <= candidate); BSLS_ASSERT(candidate <= MAX_VALUE);
/// @endcode
/// Then, we declare a `bsl::bitset`, `compositeFlags`, that will contain flags
/// indicating whether a value corresponding to a given index is known to be
/// composite (`true`) or is still potentially prime (`false`) up to and
/// including the compile-time constant template parameter, `MAX_VALUE`.
/// @code
///     // Candidate primes in the '[2 .. MAX_VALUE]' range.
///
///     bsl::bitset<MAX_VALUE + 1> compositeFlags;
/// @endcode
/// Next, we observe that a default-constructed `bsl::bitset` has no flags set,
/// We can check this by asserting that the `none` method returns true, by
/// asserting that the `any` method returns false, or by asserting that the
/// `count` of set bits is 0:
/// @code
///     assert(true  == compositeFlags.none());
///     assert(false == compositeFlags.any());
///     assert(0     == compositeFlags.count());
/// @endcode
/// Then, we note that a `bsl::bitset` has a fixed `size` (the set can't be
/// grown or shrunk) and verify that `size` is the same as the template argument
/// used to create the `bsl::bitset`:
/// @code
///     assert(MAX_VALUE + 1 == compositeFlags.size());
/// @endcode
/// Next, we compute `sqrt(candidate)`, which is as far as we need to look:
/// @code
///     // We need to cast the `sqrt` argument to avoid an overload ambiguity.
///     const int sqrtOfCandidate = static_cast<int>(
///                                   std::sqrt(static_cast<double>(candidate))
///                                             + 0.01);  // fudge factor
/// @endcode
/// Now, we loop from 2 to `sqrtOfCandidate`, and use the sieve algorithm to
/// eliminate non-primes:
/// @code
///     // Note that we treat `false` values as potential primes,
///     // since that is how `bsl::bitset` is default-initialized.
///
///     for (std::size_t i = 2; i <= sqrtOfCandidate; ++i) {
///         if (compositeFlags[i]) {
///             continue; // Skip this value: it's flagged as composite, so all
///                       // of its multiples are already flagged as composite
///                       // as well.
///         }
///
///         for (std::size_t flagValue = i;
///              flagValue <= candidate;
///              flagValue += i) {
///             compositeFlags[flagValue] = true;
///         }
///
///         if (true == compositeFlags[candidate]) {
///             return false;                                         // RETURN
///         }
///     }
///
///     BSLS_ASSERT(false == compositeFlags[candidate]);
///
///     return true;
/// }
/// @endcode
/// Notice that if we don't return `false` from the loop, none of the lower
/// numbers evenly divided the candidate value; hence, it is a prime number.
///
/// Finally, we can exercise our `isPrime` function with an upper bound of
/// 10,000:
/// @code
/// enum { UPPER_BOUND = 10000 };
///
/// assert(1 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(2));
/// assert(1 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(3));
/// assert(0 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(4));
/// assert(1 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(5));
/// assert(0 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(6));
/// assert(1 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(7));
/// assert(0 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(8));
/// assert(0 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(9));
/// assert(0 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(10));
/// // ...
/// assert(1 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(9973));
/// assert(0 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(9975));
/// assert(0 == isPrime<UPPER_BOUND>(10000));
/// @endcode
/// @}
/** @} */
/** @} */
 
/** @addtogroup bsl
 * @{
 */
/** @addtogroup bslstl
 * @{
 */
/** @addtogroup bslstl_bitset
 * @{
 */
 
#include <bslscm_version.h>
 
#include <bslstl_stdexceptutil.h>
#include <bslstl_string.h>
 
#include <bslma_bslallocator.h>
 
#include <bslmf_assert.h>
 
#include <bsls_assert.h>
#include <bsls_compilerfeatures.h>
#include <bsls_keyword.h>
#include <bsls_performancehint.h>
#include <bsls_platform.h>
 
#include <algorithm>    // 'min'
 
#include <cstddef>
 
#include <iosfwd>
 
#include <string>
#include <limits.h>
#include <string.h>
 
#ifndef BDE_DONT_ALLOW_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES
#include <bsls_nativestd.h>
#endif // BDE_DONT_ALLOW_TRANSITIVE_INCLUDES
 
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_MSVC) ||                                        \
   (defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_GNU) && BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_VERSION < 40400)
    // Last tested against MSVC 2013.  The Microsoft compiler cannot parse the
    // nested typenames for function parameters with default arguments, where
    // the function parameter type is a dependent type within a template, such
    // as 'typename std::basic_string<C,T,A>::size_type'.  The error message
    // complains about invalid identiefiers on the right of the '::', and this
    // feature macro is named accordingly.  Older version of g++ also have this
    // problem.
# define BSLSTL_BITSET_MSVC_CANNOT_PARSE_DEFAULTS_WITH_COLONS
#endif
 
namespace bsl {
 
template <std::size_t N>
class bitset;
 
                          // ====================
                          // class Bitset_ImpUtil
                          // ====================
struct Bitset_ImpUtil {
    enum {
        k_BYTES_PER_INT = sizeof(int),
        k_BITS_PER_INT  = CHAR_BIT * sizeof(int),
        k_INTS_IN_LONG  = sizeof(long) / sizeof(int),
        k_INTS_IN_LLONG = sizeof(long long) / sizeof(int)
    };
 
    BSLMF_ASSERT(k_INTS_IN_LLONG == 2);
 
    /// Initialize the memory at the address specified by `data` so that the
    /// the first `M` bit positions correspond to the bit values in the
    /// specified `val` where `M` is the smaller of `size * k_BITS_PER_INT`
    /// and `CHAR_BIT * sizeof(unsigned long long)`.  The remaining bits are
    /// initialized to zero `0`.
    static void defaultInit(unsigned int       *data,
                            std::size_t         size,
                            unsigned long long  val = 0);
};
 
                          // ====================
                          // class Bitset_ImpBase
                          // ====================
 
/// This component private `class` template describes the basic data and
/// initialization semantics needed in order to implement a C++11 `bitset`
/// class.  The `BITSETSIZE` template parameter specifies the size of the
/// underlying data array, `d_data`.  The `NUM_INIT` template parameter
/// specifies the number of elements in `d_data` needed to use when storing
/// a value of type `unsigned long long`.  Partial class template
/// specializations of `Bitset_ImpBase` are provided for `NUM_INIT == 1` and
/// `NUM_INIT == 2`.  No other values of `NUM_INIT` are supported.
template <std::size_t BITSETSIZE,
          std::size_t NUM_INIT =
                     (BITSETSIZE < (std::size_t)Bitset_ImpUtil::k_INTS_IN_LLONG
                      ? BITSETSIZE
                      : (std::size_t)Bitset_ImpUtil::k_INTS_IN_LLONG)>
class Bitset_ImpBase;
 
template <std::size_t BITSETSIZE>
class Bitset_ImpBase<BITSETSIZE, 1> {
  public:
    // PUBLIC DATA
    unsigned int d_data[BITSETSIZE];
 
    // CREATORS
 
    /// Create a `Bitset_ImpBase` with each bit in `d_data` initialized to
    /// zero.  In C++11 this constructor can be used in a constant
    /// expression.
    BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR Bitset_ImpBase();
 
    /// Create a `Bitset_ImpBase` with the first `N` bit positions of
    /// `d_data` corresponding to the first `N` bit positions of the
    /// specified `val` after conversion to `unsigned int` and the remaining
    /// bits in `d_data` initialized to zero, where `N` is
    /// `CHAR_BIT * sizeof(int)`.  The behavior is undefined unless
    /// `BITSETSIZE == 1`.  In C++11 this constructor can be used in a
    /// constant expression.
    BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR Bitset_ImpBase(unsigned long long val);
};
 
template <std::size_t BITSETSIZE>
class Bitset_ImpBase<BITSETSIZE, 2> {
  public:
    // PUBLIC DATA
    unsigned int d_data[BITSETSIZE];
 
    // CREATORS
 
    /// Create a Bitset_ImpBase with each bit in `d_data` initialized to
    /// zero.  In C++11 this constructor can be used in a constant
    /// expression.
    BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR Bitset_ImpBase();
 
    /// Create a `Bitset_ImpBase` with the first `N` bit positions of
    /// `d_data` corresponding to the first `N` bit positions of the
    /// specified `val` after conversion to `unsigned int` and the remaining
    /// bits in `d_data` initialized to zero, where `N` is
    /// `CHAR_BIT * sizeof(int) * 2`.  In C++11 this constructor can be used
    /// in a constant expression.
    BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR Bitset_ImpBase(unsigned long long val);
};
 
                        // =================
                        // class bsl::bitset
                        // =================
 
/// This class template provides an STL-compliant `bitset`.  For the
/// requirements of a `bitset` class, consult the second revision of the
/// ISO/IEC 14882 Programming Language c++ (2011).
///
/// In addition to the methods defined in the standard, this class also
/// provides an extra constructor that takes a `bsl::basic_string`.  This
/// extra constructor provides the capability to construct a `bitset` from a
/// `bsl::basic_string`, in addition to a `std::basic_string`.
template <std::size_t N>
class bitset :
       private Bitset_ImpBase<N ? (N - 1) / (CHAR_BIT * sizeof(int)) + 1 : 1> {
 
    // PRIVATE TYPES
    enum {
        k_BYTES_PER_INT = sizeof(int),
        k_BITS_PER_INT  = CHAR_BIT * k_BYTES_PER_INT,
        k_BITSETSIZE    = N ? (N - 1) / k_BITS_PER_INT + 1 : 1
    };
 
    // @ref static_cast  is needed here to avoid warning with '-Wextra' and 'gcc'.
    typedef Bitset_ImpBase<static_cast<std::size_t>(k_BITSETSIZE)> Base;
 
    using Base::d_data;
 
    // FRIENDS
    friend class reference;
 
  public:
    // PUBLIC TYPES
 
    /// This class represents a reference to a modifiable bit inside a
    /// `bsl::bitset`.
    ///
    /// See @ref bslstl_bitset 
    class reference {
 
        // FRIENDS
        friend class bitset;
 
        // DATA
        unsigned int *d_int_p;   // pointer to the 'int' inside the 'bitset'.
        unsigned int  d_offset;  // bit offset to 'd_int'.
 
        // PRIVATE CREATORS
 
        /// Create a `reference` object that refers to the bit at the
        /// specified `offset` of the `int` pointed to by the specified `i`.
        /// The behavior is undefined unless `i` points to an `int` inside a
        /// `bsl::bitset`.
        reference(unsigned int *i, unsigned int offset);
 
      public:
#ifdef BSLS_COMPILERFEATURES_SUPPORT_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
        // CREATORS
 
        /// Create a `reference` object having the same value as the
        /// specified `original` object.  Note that this copy constructor is
        /// generated by the compiler.
        reference(const reference& original) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT = default;
#endif
 
        // MANIPULATORS
 
        /// Assign to the bit referenced by this object the specified value
        /// `x` and return a reference offering modifiable access to this
        /// object.
        reference& operator=(bool x) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
        /// Assign this object to refer to the same bit as the specified `x`
        /// and return a reference offering modifiable access to this
        /// object.
        reference& operator=(const reference& x) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
        /// Invert the value of the bit referenced by this object and return
        /// a reference offering modifiable access to this object.
        reference& flip() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
        // ACCESSORS
 
        ///  Return the value of the bit referenced by this object.
        operator bool() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
        /// Return the inverted value of the bit referenced by this object.
        /// Note that the value of the referenced bit remains unchanged.
        bool operator~() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
    };
 
  private:
    // PRIVATE MANIPULATORS
 
    /// Clear the bits unused by the bitset in `d_data`, namely, bits
    /// `k_BITSETSIZE * k_BITS_PER_INT - 1` to `N` (where the bit count
    /// starts at 0).
    void clearUnusedBits();
 
    void clearUnusedBits(bsl::false_type);
    /// Implementations of `clearUnusedBits`, overloaded by whether there
    /// are any unused bits.
    void clearUnusedBits(bsl::true_type);
 
    /// Assign to the first `M` bit of this object a value corresponding to
    /// the characters in the specified `pos` of the specified `str`.  `M`
    /// is the smaller of the specified `N` and `str.length()`.  If `M < N`
    /// the remaining bit positions are left unchanged.  Characters with the
    /// value `zeroChar` correspond to an unset bit and characters with the
    /// value `oneChar` correspond to a set bit.  The behavior is undefined
    /// if any characters in `str` is neither the specified `zeroChar` nor
    /// the specified `oneChar`.
    template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
    void copyString(const    std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE,
                                               TRAITS,
                                               ALLOCATOR>&           str,
                    typename std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE,
                                               TRAITS,
                                               ALLOCATOR>::size_type pos,
                    typename std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE,
                                               TRAITS,
                                               ALLOCATOR>::size_type n,
                    CHAR_TYPE zeroChar,
                    CHAR_TYPE oneChar);
    template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
    void copyString(
      const     bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>&           str,
      typename  bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type pos,
      typename  bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type n,
      CHAR_TYPE zeroChar,
      CHAR_TYPE oneChar);
 
    // PRIVATE ACCESSORS
 
    /// Return the number of 1 bits in the specified `src`.
    std::size_t numOneSet(unsigned int src) const;
 
  public:
    // CREATORS
 
    /// Create a `bitset` with all bits initialized to `0`.
    BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR bitset() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Create a bitset with its first `M` bit positions correspond to bit
    /// values in the specified `val`.  `M` is the smaller of the
    /// parameterized `N` and `8 * sizeof(unsigned long long)`.  If `M < N`,
    /// the remaining bit positions are initialized to 0.
    BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR
    bitset(unsigned long long val) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;           // IMPLICIT
 
    /// Create a bitset with its first `M` bit positions corresponding to
    /// the characters in the specified `pos` of the specified `str`.  `M`
    /// is the smaller of the parameterized `N` and `str.length()`.  If
    /// `M < N`, the remaining bit positions are initialized to 0.
    /// Characters with the value `zeroChar` correspond to an unset bit and
    /// characters with the value `oneChar` correspond to a set bit.  The
    /// behavior is undefined if any characters in `str` is neither the
    /// specified `zeroChar` nor the specified `oneChar`.
#if !defined(BSLSTL_BITSET_MSVC_CANNOT_PARSE_DEFAULTS_WITH_COLONS)
    template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
    explicit bitset(
     const std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>&     str,
     typename
     std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type pos = 0,
     typename
     std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type n   =
                  std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::npos,
     CHAR_TYPE zeroChar = CHAR_TYPE('0'),
     CHAR_TYPE oneChar  = CHAR_TYPE('1'));
#else
    template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
    explicit
    bitset(const std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>& str,
           bsl::string::size_type pos      = 0,
           bsl::string::size_type n        = bsl::string::npos,
           CHAR_TYPE              zeroChar = CHAR_TYPE('0'),
           CHAR_TYPE              oneChar  = CHAR_TYPE('1'));
#endif
 
    /// Create a bitset with its first `M` bit positions corresponding to 0
    /// the characters in the specified `pos` of the specified `str`.  `M`
    /// is the smaller of the parameterized `N` and `str.length()`.  If
    /// `M < N`, the remaining bit positions are initialized to 0.
    /// Characters with the value `zeroChar` correspond to an unset bit and
    /// characters with the value `oneChar` correspond to a set bit.  The
    /// behavior is undefined if the characters in the specified `str` is
    /// not the specified `zeroChar` and not the specified `oneChar`
#if !defined(BSLSTL_BITSET_MSVC_CANNOT_PARSE_DEFAULTS_WITH_COLONS)
    template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
    explicit bitset(
      const bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>&              str,
      typename bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type pos =
                                                                             0,
      typename bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type n   =
                         bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::npos,
      CHAR_TYPE zeroChar = CHAR_TYPE('0'),
      CHAR_TYPE oneChar  = CHAR_TYPE('1'));
#else
    template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
    explicit bitset(const bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>& str,
                    bsl::string::size_type pos      = 0,
                    bsl::string::size_type n        = bsl::string::npos,
                    CHAR_TYPE              zeroChar = CHAR_TYPE('0'),
                    CHAR_TYPE              oneChar  = CHAR_TYPE('1'));
#endif
 
    // MANIPULATORS
 
    /// Clear each bit of this bitset for each corresponding bit that is 0
    /// in the specified `rhs`, and leaves all other bits unchanged.  Return
    /// a reference to this modifiable bitset.  Note that this is equivalent
    /// to a bitwise OR.
    bitset& operator&=(const bitset& rhs) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Set each bit of this bitset for each corresponding bit that is 1 in
    /// the specified `rhs`, and leaves all other bits unchanged.  Return a
    /// reference to this modifiable bitset.  Note that this is equivalent
    /// to a bitwise AND.
    bitset& operator|=(const bitset& rhs) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Toggle each bit of this bitset for each corresponding bit that is 1
    /// in the specified `rhs`, and leaves all other bits unchanged.  Return
    /// a reference to this modifiable bitset.  Note that this is equivalent
    /// to a bitwise XOR.
    bitset& operator^=(const bitset& rhs) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Shift the bits of this bitset left (towards the most significant
    /// bit) by the specified `pos` and return a reference to this
    /// modifiable bitset.  For all bits with position I where `I <= pos`,
    /// the new value is 0.  The behavior is undefined unless `pos <= N`.
    bitset& operator<<=(std::size_t pos) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Shift the bits of this bitset right (towards the least significant
    /// bit) by the specified `pos` and return a reference to this
    /// modifiable bitset.  For all bits with position I where
    /// `I > N - pos`, the new value is 0.  The behavior is undefined unless
    /// `pos <= N`.
    bitset& operator>>=(std::size_t pos) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Toggle all bits of this bitset and return a reference to this
    /// modifiable bitset.
    bitset& flip() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Toggle the bit at the specified `pos` of this bitset and return a
    /// reference to this modifiable bitset.
    bitset& flip(std::size_t pos);
 
    /// Set all bits of this bitset to 0 and return a reference to this
    /// modifiable bitset.
    bitset& reset() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Set the bit at the specified `pos` of this bitset to 0 and return a
    /// reference to this modifiable bitset.
    bitset& reset(std::size_t pos);
 
    /// Set all bits of this bitset to 1 and return a reference to this
    /// modifiable bitset.
    bitset& set() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Set the bit at the specified `pos` of this bitset to 1 and return a
    /// reference to this modifiable bitset.  Optionally specify `val` as
    /// the value to set the bit.  If `val` is non-zero, the bit is set to
    /// 1, otherwise the bit is set to 0.
    bitset& set(std::size_t pos, int val = true);
 
    /// Return a `reference` to the modifiable bit position at the specified
    /// `pos`.
    reference operator[](std::size_t pos);
 
    // ACCESSORS
 
    /// Return a bitset constructed from shifting this bitset left by the
    /// specified `pos`.
    bitset operator<<(std::size_t pos) const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Return a bitset constructed from shifting this bitset right by the
    /// specified `pos`.
    bitset operator>>(std::size_t pos) const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Toggle all bits of this bitset and return a reference to this
    /// modifiable bitset.
    bitset operator~() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Return the value of the bit position at the specified `pos`.
    BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR bool operator[](std::size_t pos) const;
 
    /// Return `true` if the specified `rhs` has the same value as this
    /// bitset and `false` otherwise.  Two bitsets have the same value when
    /// the sequence and value of bits they hold are the same.
    bool operator==(const bitset& rhs) const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Return `true` if the specified `rhs` do not have the same value as
    /// this bitset and `false` otherwise.  Two bitset do not have the same
    /// value when either the sequence or the value of bits they hold are
    /// not the same.
    bool operator!=(const bitset& rhs) const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Return `true` if all of the bits in this bitset have the value of 1
    /// and `false` otherwise.  Note that `all()` and `none()` are both true
    /// for bitsets of size 0.
    bool all() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Return `true` if one or more of the bits in this bitset has the
    /// value of 1 and `false` otherwise.
    bool any() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Return `true` if all the bits in this bitset has the value of 0 and
    /// `false` otherwise.  Note that `all()` and `none()` are both true
    /// for bitsets of size 0.
    bool none() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Return the number of bits in this bitset that have the value of 1.
    std::size_t count() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Return the number of bits this bitset holds.
    BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR std::size_t size() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
    /// Return `true` if the bit at the specified `pos` has the value of 1
    /// and `false` otherwise.
    bool test(size_t pos) const;
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
    /// Return a @ref basic_string  representation of this bitset, where the
    /// zero-bits are represented by the specified `zero` character and the
    /// one-bits are represented by the specified `one` character.  The
    /// most-significant bit is placed at the beginning of the string, and
    /// the least-significant bit is placed at the end of the string.
    template <class CHAR_TYPE = char,
              class TRAITS = char_traits<CHAR_TYPE>,
              class ALLOCATOR = allocator<CHAR_TYPE> >
#else
    template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
#endif
    basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR> to_string(
                                        CHAR_TYPE zero = CHAR_TYPE('0'),
                                        CHAR_TYPE one  = CHAR_TYPE('1')) const;
 
    /// Return an `unsigned` `long` value that has the same bit value as the
    /// bitset.  Note that the behavior is undefined if the bitset cannot be
    /// represented as an `unsigned` `long`.
    unsigned long to_ulong() const;
};
 
// FREE OPERATORS
 
/// Return a `bitset` that results from a bitwise AND of the specified `lhs`
/// and `rhs`.
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N> operator&(const bitset<N>& lhs, const bitset<N>& rhs)
                                                         BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
/// Return a `bitset` that results from a bitwise OR of the specified `lhs`
/// and `rhs`.
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N> operator|(const bitset<N>& lhs, const bitset<N>& rhs)
                                                         BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
/// Return a `bitset` that results from a bitwise XOR of the specified `lhs`
/// and `rhs`.
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N> operator^(const bitset<N>& lhs, const bitset<N>& rhs)
                                                         BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT;
 
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, std::size_t N>
std::basic_istream<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS>&
operator>>(std::basic_istream<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS>& is, bitset<N>& x);
 
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, std::size_t N>
std::basic_ostream<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS>&
operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS>& os, const bitset<N>& x);
 
// ============================================================================
//                   INLINE AND TEMPLATE FUNCTION DEFINITIONS
// ============================================================================
 
 
                        // --------------------------
                        // class Bitset_ImpBase<N, 1>
                        // --------------------------
 
template <std::size_t BITSETSIZE>
inline BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR
Bitset_ImpBase<BITSETSIZE, 1>::Bitset_ImpBase()
: d_data()
{
}
 
template <std::size_t BITSETSIZE>
inline BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR
Bitset_ImpBase<BITSETSIZE, 1>::Bitset_ImpBase(unsigned long long val)
#if defined(BSLS_COMPILERFEATURES_SUPPORT_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS) \
 &&!(defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_MSVC) && BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_VERSION < 1900)
  : d_data{static_cast<unsigned int>(val)}
{
}
#else
{
    Bitset_ImpUtil::defaultInit(d_data, BITSETSIZE, val);
}
#endif
 
                        // --------------------------
                        // class Bitset_ImpBase<N, 2>
                        // --------------------------
 
template <std::size_t BITSETSIZE>
inline BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR
Bitset_ImpBase<BITSETSIZE, 2>::Bitset_ImpBase()
: d_data()
{
}
 
template <std::size_t BITSETSIZE>
inline BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR
Bitset_ImpBase<BITSETSIZE, 2>::Bitset_ImpBase(unsigned long long val)
#if defined(BSLS_COMPILERFEATURES_SUPPORT_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZERS) \
 &&!(defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_MSVC) && BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_VERSION < 1900)
  : d_data{static_cast<unsigned int>(val),
           static_cast<unsigned int>(val >> (sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT))}
{
}
#else
{
    Bitset_ImpUtil::defaultInit(d_data, BITSETSIZE, val);
}
#endif
 
                        // -----------------------
                        // class bitset::reference
                        // -----------------------
 
// PRIVATE CREATORS
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bitset<N>::reference::reference(unsigned int *i, unsigned int offset)
: d_int_p(i)
, d_offset(offset)
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(d_int_p);
}
 
// MANIPULATORS
template <std::size_t N>
inline
typename bitset<N>::reference&
bitset<N>::reference::operator=(bool x) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    if (x) {
        *d_int_p |= (1 << d_offset);
    }
    else {
        *d_int_p &= ~(1 << d_offset);
    }
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
typename bitset<N>::reference&
bitset<N>::reference::operator=(const reference& x) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    if (x) {
        *d_int_p |= (1 << d_offset);
    }
    else {
        *d_int_p &= ~(1 << d_offset);
    }
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
typename bitset<N>::reference&
bitset<N>::reference::flip() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    *d_int_p ^= (1 << d_offset);
    return *this;
}
 
// ACCESSORS
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bitset<N>::reference::operator bool() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    return ((*d_int_p & (1 << d_offset)) != 0);
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bool bitset<N>::reference::operator~() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    return ((*d_int_p & (1 << d_offset)) == 0);
}
 
                        // ------------
                        // class bitset
                        // ------------
 
// PRIVATE MANIPULATORS
template <std::size_t N>
inline
void bitset<N>::clearUnusedBits()
{
    enum { k_VALUE = N % k_BITS_PER_INT ? 1 : 0 };
 
    clearUnusedBits(bsl::integral_constant<bool, k_VALUE>());
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
void bitset<N>::clearUnusedBits(bsl::false_type)
{
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
void bitset<N>::clearUnusedBits(bsl::true_type)
{
    const unsigned int offset = N % k_BITS_PER_INT;  // never 0
 
    d_data[k_BITSETSIZE - 1] &= ~(~((unsigned int)0) << offset);
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
std::size_t bitset<N>::numOneSet(unsigned int src) const
{
    // The following code was taken from @ref bdes_bitutil .
    unsigned input = src;
 
    // First we use a tricky way of getting every 2-bit half-nibble to
    // represent the number of bits that were set in those two bits.
 
    input -= (input >> 1) & 0x55555555;
 
    // Henceforth, we just accumulate the sum down into lower and lower bits.
 
    {
        const int mask = 0x33333333;
        input = ((input >> 2) & mask) + (input & mask);
    }
 
    // Any 4-bit nibble is now guaranteed to be less than or equal to 8, so we
    // do not have to mask both sides of the addition.  We must mask after the
    // addition, so 8-bit bytes are the sum of bits in those 8 bits.
 
    input = ((input >> 4) + input) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
 
    // It is no longer necessary to mask the additions, because it is
    // impossible for any bit groups to add up to more than 256 and carry, thus
    // interfering with adjacent groups.  Each 8-bit byte is independent from
    // now on.
 
    input = (input >>  8) + input;
    input = (input >> 16) + input;
 
    return input & 0x000000ff;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
void bitset<N>::copyString(
const    std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>&           str,
typename std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type pos,
typename std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type n,
CHAR_TYPE zeroChar,
CHAR_TYPE oneChar)
{
    typedef typename std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE,
                                       TRAITS,
                                       ALLOCATOR>::size_type size_type;
    n = std::min(N, std::min(n, str.size() - pos));
    for (size_type i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        typename TRAITS::int_type bit = TRAITS::to_int_type(
                                                        str[pos + n  - i - 1]);
 
        if (bit == oneChar) {
            set(i);
        }
        else if (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(bit != zeroChar)) {
            BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT;
            BloombergLP::bslstl::StdExceptUtil::throwInvalidArgument(
                                             "string for bitset constructor "
                                             "must be '0' or '1'");
        }
    }
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
void bitset<N>::copyString(
       const    bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>&           str,
       typename bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type pos,
       typename bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type n,
       CHAR_TYPE zeroChar,
       CHAR_TYPE oneChar)
{
    typedef typename bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE,
                                          TRAITS,
                                          ALLOCATOR>::size_type size_type;
    n = std::min(N, std::min(n, str.size() - pos));
    for (size_type i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        typename TRAITS::int_type bit = TRAITS::to_int_type(
                                                        str[pos + n  - i - 1]);
 
        if (bit == oneChar) {
            set(i);
        }
        else if (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(bit != zeroChar)) {
            BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT;
            BloombergLP::bslstl::StdExceptUtil::throwInvalidArgument(
                                             "string for bitset constructor "
                                             "must be '0' or '1'");
        }
    }
}
 
// CREATORS
template <std::size_t N>
inline BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR
bitset<N>::bitset() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT : Base()
{
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR
bitset<N>::bitset(unsigned long long val) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT : Base(val)
{
}
 
#if !defined(BSLSTL_BITSET_MSVC_CANNOT_PARSE_DEFAULTS_WITH_COLONS)
template <std::size_t N>
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
inline
bitset<N>::
bitset(const    std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>&           str,
       typename std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type pos,
       typename std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type n,
       CHAR_TYPE zeroChar,
       CHAR_TYPE oneChar)
#else
template <std::size_t N>
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
inline
bitset<N>::
bitset(const std::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>& str,
       bsl::string::size_type pos,
       bsl::string::size_type n,
       CHAR_TYPE              zeroChar,
       CHAR_TYPE              oneChar)
#endif
{
    if (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(pos > str.size())) {
        BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT;
        BloombergLP::bslstl::StdExceptUtil::throwOutOfRange(
                                  "'pos > str.size()' for bitset constructor");
    }
    memset(d_data, 0, k_BITSETSIZE * k_BYTES_PER_INT);
    copyString(str, pos, n, zeroChar, oneChar);
}
 
 
#if !defined(BSLSTL_BITSET_MSVC_CANNOT_PARSE_DEFAULTS_WITH_COLONS)
template <std::size_t N>
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
inline
bitset<N>::
bitset(const    bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>&           str,
       typename bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type pos,
       typename bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>::size_type n,
       CHAR_TYPE zeroChar,
       CHAR_TYPE oneChar)
#else
template <std::size_t N>
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
inline
bitset<N>::
bitset(const bsl::basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR>& str,
       bsl::string::size_type pos,
       bsl::string::size_type n,
       CHAR_TYPE              zeroChar,
       CHAR_TYPE              oneChar)
#endif
{
    if (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(pos > str.size())) {
        BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT;
        BloombergLP::bslstl::StdExceptUtil::throwOutOfRange(
                                  "'pos > str.size()' for bitset constructor");
    }
    memset(d_data, 0, k_BITSETSIZE * k_BYTES_PER_INT);
    copyString(str, pos, n, zeroChar, oneChar);
}
 
// MANIPULATORS
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::operator&=(const bitset& rhs) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < k_BITSETSIZE; ++i) {
        d_data[i] &= rhs.d_data[i];
    }
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::operator|=(const bitset& rhs) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < k_BITSETSIZE; ++i) {
        d_data[i] |= rhs.d_data[i];
    }
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::operator^=(const bitset& rhs) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < k_BITSETSIZE; ++i) {
        d_data[i] ^= rhs.d_data[i];
    }
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::operator<<=(std::size_t pos) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(pos <= N);
 
    if (pos) {
        const std::size_t shift  = pos / k_BITS_PER_INT;
        const std::size_t offset = pos % k_BITS_PER_INT;
 
        if (shift) {
            memmove(d_data + shift,
                    d_data,
                    (k_BITSETSIZE - shift) * k_BYTES_PER_INT);
            memset(d_data, 0, shift * k_BYTES_PER_INT);
        }
 
        if (offset) {
            for (std::size_t i = k_BITSETSIZE - 1; i > shift; --i) {
                d_data[i] = (d_data[i] << offset)
                          | (d_data[i-1] >> (k_BITS_PER_INT - offset));
            }
            d_data[shift] <<= offset;
        }
 
        clearUnusedBits();
    }
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::operator>>=(std::size_t pos) BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(pos <= N);
 
    if (pos) {
        const std::size_t shift  = pos / k_BITS_PER_INT;
        const std::size_t offset = pos % k_BITS_PER_INT;
 
        if (shift) {
            memmove(d_data,
                    d_data + shift,
                    (k_BITSETSIZE - shift) * k_BYTES_PER_INT);
            memset(d_data + k_BITSETSIZE - shift, 0, shift * k_BYTES_PER_INT);
        }
 
        if (offset) {
            for (std::size_t i = 0; i < k_BITSETSIZE - shift - 1; ++i) {
                d_data[i] = (d_data[i] >> offset)
                          | (d_data[i+1] << (k_BITS_PER_INT - offset));
            }
            d_data[k_BITSETSIZE - shift - 1] >>= offset;
        }
 
        clearUnusedBits();
    }
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::flip() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < k_BITSETSIZE; ++i) {
        d_data[i] = ~d_data[i];
    }
    clearUnusedBits();
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::flip(std::size_t pos)
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(pos < N);
 
    const std::size_t shift  = pos / k_BITS_PER_INT;
    const std::size_t offset = pos % k_BITS_PER_INT;
    d_data[shift] ^= (1 << offset);
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::reset() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    memset(d_data, 0, k_BITSETSIZE * k_BYTES_PER_INT);
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::reset(std::size_t pos)
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(pos < N);
 
    const std::size_t shift  = pos / k_BITS_PER_INT;
    const std::size_t offset = pos % k_BITS_PER_INT;
    d_data[shift] &= ~(1 << offset);
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::set() BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    memset(d_data, 0xFF, k_BITSETSIZE * k_BYTES_PER_INT);
    clearUnusedBits();
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N>& bitset<N>::set(std::size_t pos, int val)
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(pos < N);
 
    const std::size_t shift  = pos / k_BITS_PER_INT;
    const std::size_t offset = pos % k_BITS_PER_INT;
    if (val) {
        d_data[shift] |= (1 << offset);
    }
    else {
        d_data[shift] &= ~(1 << offset);
    }
    return *this;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
typename bitset<N>::reference bitset<N>::operator[](std::size_t pos)
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(pos < N);
 
    const std::size_t shift  = pos / k_BITS_PER_INT;
    const std::size_t offset = pos % k_BITS_PER_INT;
    return typename bitset<N>::reference(&d_data[shift],
                                         static_cast<unsigned int>(offset));
}
 
// ACCESSORS
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bitset<N> bitset<N>::operator<<(std::size_t pos) const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(pos <= N);
 
    bitset<N> tmp(*this);
    return tmp <<= pos;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bitset<N> bitset<N>::operator>>(std::size_t pos) const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(pos <= N);
 
    bitset<N> tmp(*this);
    return tmp >>= pos;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bitset<N> bitset<N>::operator~() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    bitset<N> tmp(*this);
    return tmp.flip();
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR
bool bitset<N>::operator[](std::size_t pos) const
{
#if defined(BSLSTL_BITSET_ALLOW_ASSERT_IN_CONSTEXPR)
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(pos < N);
#endif
 
    return 0 != (d_data[pos / k_BITS_PER_INT] & (1 << (pos % k_BITS_PER_INT)));
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bool bitset<N>::operator==(const bitset& rhs) const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    return memcmp(d_data, rhs.d_data, k_BITSETSIZE * k_BYTES_PER_INT) == 0;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bool bitset<N>::operator!=(const bitset& rhs) const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    return !operator==(rhs);
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bool bitset<N>::all() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N / k_BITS_PER_INT; ++i) {
        if (d_data[i] != ~0u) {
            return false;
        }
    }
 
    const std::size_t modulo = N % k_BITS_PER_INT;
 
    if (modulo) {
        const std::size_t mask = ((1u << modulo) - 1);
        return d_data[k_BITSETSIZE - 1] == mask;
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bool bitset<N>::any() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < k_BITSETSIZE; ++i) {
        if (d_data[i] != 0) {
            return true;                                              // RETURN
        }
    }
    return false;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
std::size_t bitset<N>::count() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    std::size_t sum = 0;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < k_BITSETSIZE; ++i) {
        sum += numOneSet(d_data[i]);
    }
    return sum;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bool bitset<N>::none() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    return !any();
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
BSLS_KEYWORD_CONSTEXPR std::size_t bitset<N>::size() const BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    return N;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
inline
bool bitset<N>::test(size_t pos) const
{
    if (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(pos >= N)) {
        BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT;
        BloombergLP::bslstl::StdExceptUtil::throwOutOfRange(
                                        "out_of_range in bsl::bitset<>::test");
    }
    return operator[](pos);
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, class ALLOCATOR>
basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR> bitset<N>::to_string(
                                                           CHAR_TYPE zero,
                                                           CHAR_TYPE one) const
{
    basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, ALLOCATOR> str(N, zero);
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
        if (this->operator[](i)) {
            str[N - i - 1] = one;
        }
    }
    return str;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
unsigned long bitset<N>::to_ulong() const
{
    enum {
        k_INTS_IN_LONG = sizeof(unsigned long) / sizeof(int)
    };
 
    for (std::size_t i = k_INTS_IN_LONG; i < k_BITSETSIZE; ++i) {
        if (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(d_data[i])) {
            BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT;
            BloombergLP::bslstl::StdExceptUtil::throwOverflowError(
                                        "overflow in bsl::bitset<>::to_ulong");
        }
    }
 
    unsigned long      value   = 0;
    const unsigned int numInts = (unsigned int) k_INTS_IN_LONG
                                                  < (unsigned int) k_BITSETSIZE
                               ? (unsigned int) k_INTS_IN_LONG
                               : (unsigned int) k_BITSETSIZE;
 
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < numInts; ++i) {
        value |= (unsigned long) d_data[i] << (k_BITS_PER_INT * i);
    }
    return value;
}
 
// FREE OPERATORS
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N> operator&(const bitset<N>& lhs, const bitset<N>& rhs)
                                                          BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    bitset<N> tmp(lhs);
    return tmp &= rhs;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N> operator|(const bitset<N>& lhs, const bitset<N>& rhs)
                                                          BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    bitset<N> tmp(lhs);
    return tmp |= rhs;
}
 
template <std::size_t N>
bitset<N> operator^(const bitset<N>& lhs, const bitset<N>& rhs)
                                                          BSLS_KEYWORD_NOEXCEPT
{
    bitset<N> tmp(lhs);
    return tmp ^= rhs;
}
 
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, std::size_t N>
std::basic_istream<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS>&
operator>>(std::basic_istream<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS>& is, bitset<N>& x)
{
    typedef typename TRAITS::int_type int_type;
 
    basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, allocator<CHAR_TYPE> > tmp;
    tmp.reserve(N);
 
    typename std::basic_istream<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS>::sentry sen(is);
    if (sen) {
        std::basic_streambuf<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS> *buffer = is.rdbuf();
        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
            static int_type eof = TRAITS::eof();
            int_type cint = buffer->sbumpc();
            if (TRAITS::eq_int_type(cint, eof)) {
                is.setstate(std::ios_base::eofbit);
                break;
            }
            else {
                CHAR_TYPE cchar = TRAITS::to_char_type(cint);
                char      c     = is.narrow(cchar, '*');
 
                if (c == '0' || c == '1') {
                    tmp.push_back(c);
                }
                else if (TRAITS::eq_int_type(buffer->sputbackc(cchar), eof)) {
                    is.setstate(std::ios_base::failbit);
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
 
        if (tmp.empty()) {
            is.setstate(std::ios_base::failbit);
        }
        else {
            x = bitset<N>(tmp);
        }
    }
    return is;
}
 
template <class CHAR_TYPE, class TRAITS, std::size_t N>
inline
std::basic_ostream<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS>&
operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS>& os, const bitset<N>& x)
{
    basic_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, allocator<CHAR_TYPE> > tmp (
             x.template to_string<CHAR_TYPE, TRAITS, allocator<CHAR_TYPE> >());
    return os << tmp;
}
 
}  // close namespace bsl
 
#if defined(BSLSTL_BITSET_MSVC_CANNOT_PARSE_DEFAULTS_WITH_COLONS)
# undef BSLSTL_BITSET_MSVC_CANNOT_PARSE_DEFAULTS_WITH_COLONS
#endif
 
#endif
 
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright 2016 Bloomberg Finance L.P.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ----------------------------- END-OF-FILE ----------------------------------
 
/** @} */
/** @} */
/** @} */