bsls_performancehint.h

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/// @file bsls_performancehint.h
///
/// The content of this file has been pre-processed for Doxygen.
///
 
 
// bsls_performancehint.h                                             -*-C++-*-
#ifndef INCLUDED_BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT
#define INCLUDED_BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT
 
#include <bsls_ident.h>
BSLS_IDENT("$Id: $")
 
/// @defgroup bsls_performancehint bsls_performancehint
/// @brief  Provide performance hints for code optimization.
/// @addtogroup bsl
/// @{
/// @addtogroup bsls
/// @{
/// @addtogroup bsls_performancehint
/// @{
///
/// <h1> Outline </h1>
/// * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-purpose"> Purpose</a>
/// * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-classes"> Classes </a>
/// * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-macros"> Macros </a>
/// * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-description"> Description </a>
///   * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-branch-prediction"> Branch Prediction </a>
///     * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-warning"> Warning </a>
///     * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-limitations"> Limitations </a>
///   * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-data-cache-prefetching"> Data Cache Prefetching </a>
///   * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-optimization-fence"> Optimization Fence </a>
///   * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-usage"> Usage </a>
///     * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-example-1-using-the-branch-prediction-macros"> Example 1: Using the Branch Prediction Macros </a>
///     * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-example-2-using-bsls_performancehint_predict_expect"> Example 2: Using BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_EXPECT </a>
///     * <a href="#bsls_performancehint-example-3-cache-line-prefetching"> Example 3: Cache Line Prefetching </a>
///
/// # Purpose {#bsls_performancehint-purpose}
/// Provide performance hints for code optimization.
///
/// # Classes {#bsls_performancehint-classes}
///
/// -  bsls::PerformanceHint: namespace for performance optimization hints
///
/// # Macros {#bsls_performancehint-macros}
///
/// -  BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY(X): `X` probably evaluates to non-zero
/// -  BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(X): `X` probably evaluates to zero
/// -  BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_EXPECT(X, Y): `X` probably evaluates to `Y`
/// -  BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT: annotate block unlikely to be taken
/// -  BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_OPTIMIZATION_FENCE: prevent compiler optimizations
///
/// # Description {#bsls_performancehint-description}
/// This component provides performance hints for the compiler or
/// hardware.  There are currently two types of hints that are supported:
/// * branch prediction
/// * data cache prefetching
///
/// ## Branch Prediction {#bsls_performancehint-branch-prediction}
///
///
/// The three macros provided, `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY`,
/// `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY`, and
/// `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_EXPECT`, can be used to optimize compiler
/// generated code for branch prediction.  The compiler, when given the hint
/// under *optimized* mode (i.e., with `BDE_BUILD_TARGET_OPT` defined) will
/// rearrange the assembly instructions it generates to minimize the number of
/// jumps needed.
///
/// The following describes the macros provided by this component:
/// @code
///               Macro Name                          Description of Macro
/// ----------------------------------------       -----------------------------
/// BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY(expr)      Hint to the compiler that the
///                                               specified *integral* 'expr'
///                                               expression is likely to
///                                               evaluate to non-zero.
///                                               Returns 'true' or 'false'
///                                               depending on the result of
///                                               the expression.
///
/// BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(expr)    Hint to the compiler that the
///                                               specified *integral* 'expr'
///                                               expression is likely to
///                                               evaluate to zero.  Returns
///                                               'true' or 'false' depending
///                                               on the result of the
///                                               expression.
///
/// BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_EXPECT(expr, value)
///                                               Hint to the compiler that the
///                                               specified *integral* 'expr'
///                                               expression is likely to
///                                               evaluate to the specified
///                                               'value'.  Returns the result
///                                               of the expression.
///
/// BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT             Hint to the compiler that the
///                                               block which contains the hint
///                                               is unlikely chosen.  Use this
///                                               in conjunction with the
///                                               'PREDICT_UNLIKELY' clause for
///                                               maximum portability.
/// @endcode
///
/// ### Warning {#bsls_performancehint-warning}
///
///
/// Please use the macros provided in this component *with* *caution*.  Always
/// profile your code to get an idea of actual usage before attempting to
/// optimize with these macros.  Furthermore, these macros are merely *hints* to
/// the compiler.  Whether or not they will have visible effect on performance
/// is not guaranteed.  Note that one can perform similar optimization with a
/// profile-based compilation.  When compiled with the proper options, the
/// compiler can collect usage information of the code, and such information can
/// then be passed back to recompile the code in a more optimized form.  Please
/// refer to the compiler manual for more information.
///
/// ### Limitations {#bsls_performancehint-limitations}
///
///
/// There is a bug in gcc 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 such that when using the branch
/// prediction macros with multiple conditions, the generated code might not be
/// properly optimized.  For example:
/// @code
/// if (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY(a && b)) {
///     // ...
/// }
/// @endcode
/// The work-around is simply to split the conditions:
/// @code
/// if (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY(a)
///  && BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY(b)) {
///     // ...
/// }
/// @endcode
/// This applies to all of the "likely", "unlikely", and "expect" macros defined
/// in this component.  Note that a bug report has been filed:
/// @code
/// http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=42233
/// @endcode
///
/// ## Data Cache Prefetching {#bsls_performancehint-data-cache-prefetching}
///
///
/// The two functions provided in the `bsls::PerformanceHint` `struct` are
/// `prefetchForReading` and `prefetchForWriting`.  Use of these functions will
/// cause the compiler to generate prefetch instructions to prefetch one cache
/// line worth of data at the specified address into the cache line to minimize
/// processor stalls.
/// @code
///      Function Name                       Description of Function
/// ------------------------         ------------------------------------------
/// prefetchForReading(address)      Prefetches one cache line worth of data at
///                                  the specified 'address' for reading.
///
/// prefetchForWriting(address)      Prefetches one cache line worth of data at
///                                  the specified 'address' for writing.
/// @endcode
///
/// **Warning**
/// > These functions must be used **with caution**.  Inappropriate use of these
/// > functions degrades performance.  Note that there should be sufficient time
/// > for the prefetch instruction to finish before the specified address is
/// > accessed, otherwise prefetching will be pointless.  A profiler should be
/// > used to understand the program's behavior before attempting to optimize
/// > with these functions.
///
/// ## Optimization Fence {#bsls_performancehint-optimization-fence}
///
///
/// The macro `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_OPTIMIZATION_FENCE` prevents some compiler
/// optimizations, particularly compiler instruction reordering.  This fence
/// does *not* map to a CPU instruction and has no impact on processor
/// instruction re-ordering, and therefore should not be used to synchronize
/// memory between threads.  The fence may be useful in unusual contexts, like
/// performing benchmarks, or working around bugs identified in the compiler's
/// optimizer.
///
/// **Warning**
/// > This macro should be used *with* *caution*.  The macro will generally
/// > decrease the performance of code on which it is applied, and is not
/// > implemented on all platforms.
///
/// ## Usage {#bsls_performancehint-usage}
///
///
/// The following series of examples illustrates use of the macros and functions
/// provided by this component.
///
/// ### Example 1: Using the Branch Prediction Macros {#bsls_performancehint-example-1-using-the-branch-prediction-macros}
///
///
/// The following demonstrates the use of `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY`
/// and `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY` to generate more efficient
/// assembly instructions.  Note the use of `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT`
/// inside the `if` branch for maximum portability.
/// @code
/// volatile int global;
///
/// void foo()
/// {
///     global = 1;
/// }
///
/// void bar()
/// {
///     global = 2;
/// }
///
/// int main(int argc, char **argv)
/// {
///     argc = std::atoi(argv[1]);
///
///     for (int x = 0; x < argc; ++x) {
///         int y = std::rand() % 10;
///
///         // Correct usage of 'BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY' since
///         // there are nine of ten chance that this branch is taken.
///
///         if (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY(8 != y)) {
///             foo();
///         }
///         else {
///             BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT;
///             bar();
///         }
///     }
///     return 0;
/// }
/// @endcode
/// An excerpt of the assembly code generated using `xlC` Version 10 on AIX from
/// this small program is:
/// @code
/// b8:   2c 00 00 08     cmpwi   r0,8
/// bc:   41 82 00 38     beq-    f4 <.main+0xb4>
///                        ^
///                        Note that if register r0 (y) equals 8, branch to
///                        instruction f4 (a jump).  The '-' after 'beq'
///                        indicates that the branch is unlikely to be taken.
///                        The predicted code path continues the 'if'
///                        statement, which calls 'foo' below.
///
/// c0:   4b ff ff 41     bl      0 <.foo__Fv>
/// ...
/// f4:   4b ff ff 2d     bl      20 <.bar__Fv>
/// @endcode
/// Now, if `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY` is changed to
/// `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY`, and the
/// `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT` is moved to the first branch, the
/// following assembly code will be generated:
/// @code
/// b8:   2c 00 00 08     cmpwi   r0,8
/// bc:   40 c2 00 38     bne-    f4 <.main+0xb4>
///                        ^
///                        Note that the test became a "branch not equal"
///                        test.  The predicted code path now continues to the
///                        'else' statement, which calls 'bar' below.
///
/// c0:   4b ff ff 61     bl      20 <.bar__Fv>
/// ...
/// f4:   4b ff ff 0d     bl      0 <.foo__Fv>
/// @endcode
/// A timing analysis shows that effective use of branch prediction can have a
/// material effect on code efficiency:
/// @code
/// $time ./unlikely.out 100000000
///
/// real    0m2.022s
/// user    0m2.010s
/// sys     0m0.013s
///
/// $time ./likely.out 100000000
///
/// real    0m2.159s
/// user    0m2.149s
/// sys     0m0.005s
/// @endcode
///
/// ### Example 2: Using BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_EXPECT {#bsls_performancehint-example-2-using-bsls_performancehint_predict_expect}
///
///
/// This macro is essentially the same as the `__builtin_expect(expr, value)`
/// macro that is provided by some compilers.  This macro allows the user to
/// define more complex hints to the compiler, such as the optimization of
/// `switch` statements.  For example, given:
/// @code
/// int x = std::rand() % 4;
/// @endcode
/// the following is incorrect usage of `BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_EXPECT`,
/// since the probability of getting a 3 is equivalent to the other
/// possibilities ( 0, 1, 2 ):
/// @code
/// switch (BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_EXPECT(x, 3)) {
///   case 1: //..
///           break;
///   case 2: //..
///           break;
///   case 3: //..
///           break;
///   default: break;
/// }
/// @endcode
/// However, this is sufficient to illustrate the intent of this macro.
///
/// ### Example 3: Cache Line Prefetching {#bsls_performancehint-example-3-cache-line-prefetching}
///
///
/// The following demonstrates use of `prefetchForReading` and
/// `prefetchForWriting` to prefetch data cache lines:
/// @code
/// const int SIZE = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
///
/// void add(int *arrayA, int *arrayB)
/// {
///     for (int i = 0; i < SIZE / 8; ++i){
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///     }
/// }
///
/// int array1[SIZE];
/// int array2[SIZE];
///
/// int main()
/// {
///     BloombergLP::bsls::Stopwatch timer;
///     timer.start();
///     for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
///         add(array1, array2);
///     }
///     printf("time: %f\n", timer.elapsedTime());
///     return 0;
/// }
/// @endcode
/// The above code simply adds two arrays together multiple times.  Using
/// `bsls::Stopwatch`, we recorded the running time and printed it to `stdout`:
/// @code
/// $./prefetch.sundev1.tsk
/// time: 8.446806
/// @endcode
/// Now, we can observe that in the `add` function, `arrayA` and `arrayB` are
/// accessed sequentially for the majority of the program.  `arrayA` is used for
/// writing and `arrayB` is used for reading.  Making use of prefetch, we add
/// calls to `prefetchForReading` and `prefetchForWriting`:
/// @code
/// void add2(int *arrayA, int *arrayB)
/// {
///     for (int i = 0; i < SIZE / 8; ++i){
///         using namespace BloombergLP; // Generally avoid 'using' in this TD.
///         bsls::PerformanceHint::prefetchForWriting((int *) arrayA + 16);
///         bsls::PerformanceHint::prefetchForReading((int *) arrayB + 16);
///
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///         *arrayA += *arrayB; ++arrayA; ++arrayB;
///     }
/// }
/// @endcode
/// Adding the prefetch improves the program's efficiency:
/// @code
/// $./prefetch.sundev1.tsk
/// time: 6.442100
/// @endcode
/// Note that we prefetch the address `16 * sizeof(int)` bytes away from
/// `arrayA`.  This is such that the prefetch instruction has sufficient time to
/// finish before the data is actually accessed.  To see the difference, if we
/// changed `+ 16` to `+ 4`:
/// @code
/// $./prefetch.sundev1.tsk
/// time: 6.835928
/// @endcode
/// And we get less of an improvement in speed.  Similarly, if we prefetch too
/// far away from the data use, the data might be removed from the cache before
/// it is looked at and the prefetch is wasted.
/// @}
/** @} */
/** @} */
 
/** @addtogroup bsl
 * @{
 */
/** @addtogroup bsls
 * @{
 */
/** @addtogroup bsls_performancehint
 * @{
 */
 
#include <bsls_platform.h>
 
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_IBM)
#include <builtins.h>      // for 'dcbt', '__builtin_expect'
#endif
 
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_HP)
#include <machine/sys/builtins.h>
 
#include <machine/sys/inline.h>
#endif
 
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_SUN)
#include <sun_prefetch.h>  // for 'sparc_prefetch_write|read_many'
 
#include <mbarrier.h>
#endif
 
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_MSVC)
#if !defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CPU_ARM)
#include <xmmintrin.h>     // for '_mm_prefetch', '_MM_HINT_T0'
#endif
 
#include <intrin.h>
#endif
 
 
 
                        // ============================
                        // BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT
                        // ============================
 
// These macros are effective in *optimized* mode only, and *only* on platforms
// that support '__builtin_expect'.
 
#if defined(BDE_BUILD_TARGET_OPT) &&                                          \
   (defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_CLANG) ||                                       \
    defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_GNU)   ||                                       \
    defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_IBM))
 
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY(expr)                         \
                                              __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(expr)                       \
                                              __builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_EXPECT(expr, value)                  \
                                              __builtin_expect((expr), (value))
#else
 
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_LIKELY(expr)           (expr)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_UNLIKELY(expr)         (expr)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_PREDICT_EXPECT(expr, value)    (expr)
 
#endif
 
// Define the 'BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_COLD' and
// 'BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_ATTRIBUTE_COLD' macros.
 
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_CLANG)
    #if __has_attribute(cold)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_ATTRIBUTE_COLD  __attribute__((cold))
    #endif
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_GNU)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_ATTRIBUTE_COLD  __attribute__((cold))
#endif
 
#if !defined(BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_ATTRIBUTE_COLD)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_ATTRIBUTE_COLD
#else
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_COLD 1
#endif
 
// Define the 'BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT' macro.
 
#if defined(BDE_BUILD_TARGET_OPT) && defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_SUN)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT                                \
                             BloombergLP::bsls::PerformanceHint::rarelyCalled()
#elif defined(BDE_BUILD_TARGET_OPT) &&                                        \
   (defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_IBM) || BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_HAS_ATTRIBUTE_COLD)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT                                \
                             BloombergLP::bsls::PerformanceHint::lowFrequency()
#else
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_UNLIKELY_HINT
#endif
 
                        // =======================================
                        // BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_OPTIMIZATION_FENCE
                        // =======================================
 
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_IBM)
 
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_OPTIMIZATION_FENCE __fence()
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_MSVC)
 
    #pragma intrinsic(_ReadWriteBarrier)
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_OPTIMIZATION_FENCE _ReadWriteBarrier()
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_HP)
 
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_OPTIMIZATION_FENCE                           \
                             _Asm_sched_fence(_UP_MEM_FENCE|_DOWN_MEM_FENCE)
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_SUN)
 
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_OPTIMIZATION_FENCE __compiler_barrier()
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_GNU)                                          \
   || defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_CLANG)
 
    #define BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_OPTIMIZATION_FENCE asm volatile("":::"memory")
 
#else
    #error "BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_OPTIMIZATION_FENCE not implemented"
#endif
 
namespace bsls {
 
                        // ======================
                        // struct PerformanceHint
                        // ======================
 
/// This `struct` provides a namespace for a suite of functions that give
/// performance hints to the compiler or hardware.
struct PerformanceHint {
 
    // CLASS METHODS
 
    /// Prefetch one cache line worth of data at the specified `address` for
    /// reading if the compiler built-in is available (see to the component
    /// level document for limitations).  Otherwise this method has no
    /// effect.
    static void prefetchForReading(const void *address);
 
    /// Prefetch one cache line worth of data at the specified `address` for
    /// writing if the compiler built-in is available (see to the component
    /// level document for limitations).  Otherwise this method has no
    /// effect.
    static void prefetchForWriting(void *address);
 
    /// This is an empty function that is marked as rarely called using
    /// pragmas.  If this function is placed in a block of code inside a
    /// branch, the compiler will optimize the assembly code generated and
    /// mark the block as unlikely.  Note that this function is
    /// intentionally not inlined.
    static void rarelyCalled();
 
#if defined(BDE_BUILD_TARGET_OPT)
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_SUN)
 
// Pragma to flag the function as rarely called.
#pragma rarely_called(rarelyCalled)
 
// Pragma to flag the function as no side effect.  This is necessary because a
// function that is marked as rarely called cannot be inlined without losing
// the @ref rarely_called  characteristics.  When marked as no side effect, even an
// out-of-line function will not trigger a function call.
#pragma no_side_effect(rarelyCalled)
 
#endif  // BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_SUN
#endif  // BDE_BUILD_TARGET_OPT
 
    /// This is an empty function that is marked with low execution
    /// frequency using pragmas.  If this function is placed in a block of
    /// code inside a branch, the compiler will optimize the assembly code
    /// generated and mark the block as unlikely.
    BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_ATTRIBUTE_COLD
    static void lowFrequency();
};
 
// ============================================================================
//                           INLINE DEFINITIONS
// ============================================================================
 
                        // ----------------------
                        // struct PerformanceHint
                        // ----------------------
 
// CLASS METHODS
inline
void PerformanceHint::prefetchForReading(const void *address)
{
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_GNU) || defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_CLANG)
 
    __builtin_prefetch(address, 0);
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_IBM)
 
    __dcbt(const_cast<void *>(address));
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_SUN)
 
    sparc_prefetch_read_many(const_cast<void *>(address));
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_MSVC)
 
#if !defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CPU_ARM)
    _mm_prefetch(static_cast<const char*>(address), _MM_HINT_T0);
        // '_MM_HINT_T0' fetches data to all levels of cache.
#else
    __prefetch(address);
#endif
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_HP)
 
    _Asm_lfetch(_LFTYPE_NONE, _LFHINT_NTA, address);
 
#else
 
    // no-op
 
#endif
}
 
inline
void PerformanceHint::prefetchForWriting(void *address)
{
#if defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_GNU) || defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_CLANG)
 
    __builtin_prefetch(address, 1);
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_IBM)
 
    __dcbtst(address);
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_SUN)
 
    sparc_prefetch_write_many(address);
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_MSVC)
 
#if !defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CPU_ARM)
    _mm_prefetch(static_cast<const char*>(address), _MM_HINT_T0);
        // '_MM_HINT_T0' fetches data to all levels of cache.
#else
    __prefetch(address);
#endif
 
#elif defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_HP)
 
    _Asm_lfetch_excl(_LFTYPE_NONE, _LFHINT_NTA, address);
 
#else
 
    // no-op
 
#endif
}
 
// This function must be inlined for the pragma to take effect on the branch
// prediction in IBM xlC.
 
BSLS_PERFORMANCEHINT_ATTRIBUTE_COLD
inline
void PerformanceHint::lowFrequency()
{
#if defined(BDE_BUILD_TARGET_OPT) && defined(BSLS_PLATFORM_CMP_IBM)
 
#pragma execution_frequency(very_low)
 
#endif
}
 
}  // close package namespace
 
#ifndef BDE_OPENSOURCE_PUBLICATION  // BACKWARD_COMPATIBILITY
// ============================================================================
//                           BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY
// ============================================================================
 
/// This alias is defined for backward compatibility.
typedef bsls::PerformanceHint bsls_PerformanceHint;
#endif  // BDE_OPENSOURCE_PUBLICATION -- BACKWARD_COMPATIBILITY
 
 
 
#endif
 
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright 2013 Bloomberg Finance L.P.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ----------------------------- END-OF-FILE ----------------------------------
 
/** @} */
/** @} */
/** @} */