bslh.h

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/// @file bslh.h
///
///
/// @defgroup bslh Package bslh
/// @brief  Basic Standard Library Hashing (bslh)
/// @addtogroup bsl
/// @{
/// @addtogroup bslh
/// @{
/// * <a href="#bslh-purpose"> Purpose</a>
/// * <a href="#bslh-mnemonic"> Mnemonic </a>
/// * <a href="#bslh-description"> Description </a>
///   * <a href="#bslh-table-of-contents"> Table of Contents </a>
///   * <a href="#bslh-terminology"> Terminology </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-avalanche"> Avalanche </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-denial-of-service"> Denial of Service (DoS) </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-funneling"> Funneling </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-salient-to-hashing"> Salient to Hashing </a>
///   * <a href="#bslh-why-use-this-system"> Why Use This System </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-better-and-more-predictable-performance"> Better and More Predictable Performance </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-less-code-duplication"> Less Code Duplication </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-easier-to-make-types-hashable"> Easier to Make Types Hashable </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-hash-combining"> Hash Combining </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-swappable-algorithms"> Swappable Algorithms </a>
///   * <a href="#bslh-type-implementers"> Type Implementers </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-hashappend"> hashAppend </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-determining-what-to-hash"> Determining what to Hash </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-hashing-other-user-defined-types"> Hashing Other User Defined Types </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-hashing-pointers"> Hashing Pointers (especially const char ) </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-converting-existing-types"> Converting Existing Types </a>
///   * <a href="#bslh-type-users"> Type Users </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bsl-hash"> bsl::hash </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh-hash"> bslh::Hash </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh-seededhash-bslh-seedgenerator-and-secure-hashing"> bslh::SeededHash, bslh::SeedGenerator, and Secure Hashing </a>
///       * <a href="#bslh-seeded-algorithms"> Seeded Algorithms </a>
///       * <a href="#bslh-bslh-seedgenerator"> bslh::SeedGenerator </a>
///       * <a href="#bslh-bslh-seededhash"> bslh::SeededHash </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-hashing-performance-and-fundamental-integer-types"> Hashing Performance and Fundamental Integer Types </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-choosing-a-hashing-algorithm"> Choosing a Hashing Algorithm </a>
///   * <a href="#bslh-extending-the-system"> Extending the System </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-hashing-algorithm-functors"> Hashing Algorithm Functors </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-hashing-algorithm-wrappers"> Hashing Algorithm Wrappers (bslh::Hash) </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-seed-generator"> Seed Generator </a>
///   * <a href="#bslh-hierarchical-synopsis"> Hierarchical Synopsis </a>
///   * <a href="#bslh-component-synopsis"> Component Synopsis </a>
///   * <a href="#bslh-component-overview"> Component Overview </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh_defaulthashalgorithm"> bslh_defaulthashalgorithm </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh_defaultseededhashalgorithm"> bslh_defaultseededhashalgorithm </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh_hash"> bslh_hash </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh_seededhash"> bslh_seededhash </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh_seedgenerator"> bslh_seedgenerator </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh_siphashalgorithm"> bslh_siphashalgorithm </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh_spookyhashalgorithm"> bslh_spookyhashalgorithm </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh_spookyhashalgorithmimp"> bslh_spookyhashalgorithmimp </a>
///     * <a href="#bslh-bslh_wyhashincrementalalgorithm"> bslh_wyhashincrementalalgorithm </a>
///
/// # Purpose {#bslh-purpose}
/// Provide a framework for hashing types using swappable algorithms.
///
/// # Mnemonic {#bslh-mnemonic}
/// Basic Standard Library Hashing (bslh)
///
/// # Description {#bslh-description}
/// The 'bslh' package provides components for a more modular hashing
/// implementation than is found in the standard.  This implementation is based on
/// ISO C++ Proposal N3980.  An internal proposal for this is available at {TEAM
/// BDE:MODULAR HASHING<GO>}.  This package provides hashing algorithms as well as
/// 'Hash' and 'SeededHash' structs which allow different algorithms to be applied
/// to any type that has a 'hashAppend' function.  This document will explain the
/// overall benefits of the system, what type implementers need to do to make
/// their types hashable in this system, what type users need to do to hash
/// different types, how to extend different pieces of this system, and will
/// provide a summary of all the components in this package.  All sections are
/// independent and can be read and used without having read the other sections.
///
/// ## Table of Contents {#bslh-table-of-contents}
///
///  * Terminology
///    * Avalanche
///    * Denial of Service (DoS)
///    * Funneling
///    * Salient to Hashing
/// 
///  * Why Use This System?
///    * Better and More Predictable Performance
///    * Less Code Duplication
///    * Easier to Make Types Hashable
///    * Hash Combining
///    * Swappable Algorithms
/// 
///  * Type Implementers
///    * 'hashAppend'
///    * Determining what to Hash
///    * Hashing Other User Defined Types
///    * Hashing Pointers (especially 'const char *')
///    * Converting Existing Types
/// 
///  * Type Users
///    * bsl::hash
///    * bslh::Hash
///    * bslh::SeededHash, bslh::SeedGenerator, and Secure Hashing
///      * Seeded Algorithms
///      * bslh::SeedGenerator
///      * bslh::SeededHash
///    * Hashing Performance and Fundamental Integer Types
///    * Choosing a Hashing Algorithm
/// 
///  * Extending the System
///    * Hashing Algorithm Functors
///    * Hashing Algorithm Wrappers (bslh::Hash)
///    * Seed Generator
/// 
///  * Hierarchical Synopsis
/// 
///  * Component Synopsis
/// 
///  * Component Overview
///    * @ref bslh_defaulthashalgorithm 
///    * @ref bslh_defaultseededhashalgorithm 
///    * @ref bslh_hash 
///    * @ref bslh_seededhash 
///    * @ref bslh_seedgenerator 
///    * @ref bslh_siphashalgorithm 
///    * @ref bslh_spookyhashalgorithm 
///    * @ref bslh_spookyhashalgorithmimp 
///    * @ref bslh_wyhashincrementalalgorithm 
///
/// ## Terminology {#bslh-terminology}
///
///
/// ### Avalanche {#bslh-avalanche}
///
/// Changing one bit in the input to the hashing algorithm results in an
/// "avalanche", which causes each output bit to have a 50% probability of
/// changing.  The avalanche property means that two very similar values will
/// produce completely dissimilar hashes.
///
/// ### Denial of Service (DoS) {#bslh-denial-of-service}
///
/// Within the context of hash tables, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks refer to an
/// attacker causing many hash table keys to collide to the same bucket.  These
/// collisions cause look-ups in the hash table to become very time consuming
/// linear searches.
///
/// ### Funneling {#bslh-funneling}
///
/// An undesirable property of hashing algorithms that results in a large number
/// of collisions when the inputs differ by only a few bits.  Funneling is related
/// to the avalanche property of a hashing algorithm and is essentially the
/// opposite of avalanche.  More information can be found at
/// 'http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/evahash.html'.
///
/// ### Salient to Hashing {#bslh-salient-to-hashing}
///
/// A property of attributes (or fields) of a type.  An attribute is considered
/// salient to hashing if it should be incorporated into the bytes that are used
/// to produce a hash of a given object.  As a general rule is that every
/// attribute used in 'operator==' is usually salient to hashing.  This term is
/// explored more in depth later.
///
/// ## Why Use This System {#bslh-why-use-this-system}
///
/// There are numerous benefits to both type creators and users in this new
/// system:
///
/// ### Better and More Predictable Performance {#bslh-better-and-more-predictable-performance}
///
/// This modular hashing system allows users to use known good hashing algorithms
/// to avoid performance issues.  The graph below depicts 'unordered_map'
/// (expected case O(1)) taking longer to find elements that map.  This is a
/// real-world benchmark.  Internal users can read more about these tests at {TEAM
/// BDE:FLAT MAP<GO>}.  The anomalous behavior arose from the use of a poorly
/// written, non-standard, hashing algorithm, which caused similar strings to hash
/// to the same value resulting in many collisions:
/// @code
///           Time to Find a pair<string, string> in map vs unordered_map
///
///     18 |
///        |                      O = map   X = unordered_map
///     16 |
///  T     |                                                              X
///  i  14 |                                                              |
///  m     |                                                             /
///  e  12 |                                                            /-O
///        |                                                           /
///  i  10 |                                                        - /
///  n     |                                                      -  /
///      8 |                                                    O   /
///  S     |                                                 --    /
///  e   6 |                                               -      /
///  c     |                                             --      /
///  o   4 |                                       ----O        X
///  n     |                               ----O---           --
///  d   2 |                      ---O-----              ----
///  s     |       XO-------XO-------X--------X--------X
///        |____________________________________________________________________
///                |        |        |        |        |        |        |
///                1        10       100      1000     10000    100000   1000000
///                               Elements in Collection
/// @endcode
///
/// ### Less Code Duplication {#bslh-less-code-duplication}
///
/// In the standard C++03 hashing system, hashing algorithms were often copied
/// into the 'bsl::hash' template specialization on each type.  This resulted in
/// lots of code duplication.  In the new system, algorithms are not implemented
/// directly on the type, so no algorithm duplication occurs.  The little bit of
/// code that is written on the type is specific to that type and wouldn't be
/// copied elsewhere.
///
/// ### Easier to Make Types Hashable {#bslh-easier-to-make-types-hashable}
///
/// In the standard C++03 hashing system, type implementers had to worry about
/// writing a hashing algorithm for their type.  This required figuring out what
/// constituted a good hash value and how to generate one with a given set of data
/// members.  Thinking about what makes a good hash is no longer the job of the
/// type implementer.  They simply have to declare what data members they want to
/// contribute the hash and then they are done.
///
/// ### Hash Combining {#bslh-hash-combining}
///
/// In the standard C++03 hashing system, if a type needed to use more than one
/// data member in its hash calculation, there was no proper way for them to
/// combine the hashes from multiple data members into one final hash.  Poor
/// methods of hash combining such as XORing could result in huge numbers of
/// collisions.  The new, modular hashing system offers 'hashAppend' to combine an
/// unlimited number of data members into one, good, hash.
///
/// ### Swappable Algorithms {#bslh-swappable-algorithms}
///
/// In the standard C++03 hashing system, anyone who wanted to hash a type had to
/// use the algorithm written by the type implementer, or they had to write their
/// own algorithm in a functor (without access to private data members of course).
/// Unfortunately, hashing algorithms are not one size fits all.  In some cases, a
/// fast identity hash is fine.  In other cases a slower hash that is secure
/// against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks is required.  The new, modular hashing
/// system offers a suite of hashing algorithms that have been vetted and are know
/// to have good characteristics for different situations.  Swapping out one
/// algorithm for another only requires a type's users to change one line of code,
/// as shown here:
/// @code
///  // Uses implicitly 'DefaultHashAlgorithm'.
///  bsl::unordered_map<MyType, int, bslh::Hash<>> unorderedMap;
///
///  // Only a single line change is required to use 'SpookyHashAlgorithm'
///  bsl::unordered_map<MyType,
///                     int,
///                     bslh::Hash<bslh::SpookyHashAlgorithm>> unorderedMap;
/// @endcode
///
/// ## Type Implementers {#bslh-type-implementers}
///
/// It is the type implementer's job to implement 'hashAppend' (explained below)
/// on their type, much like they have to implement 'swap' on their type.  It is
/// important to note that implementing 'hashAppend' on 'MyType' is fully backward
/// compatible with 'bsl::hash<MyType>'.  That means that when you implement
/// 'hashAppend' on 'MyNewType', 'bsl::hash<MyNewType>' will automatically pick it
/// up without you ever having to write your own template specialization.  For
/// existing types that already have a 'bsl::hash<MyExistingType>' specialization,
/// it is recommended that type implementers delete 'bsl::hash<MyExistingType>'
/// once they have implemented 'hashAppend'.  Deleting the 'bsl::hash' template
/// specialization for 'MyExistingType' will not break any code because
/// 'bsl::hash<TYPE>' automatically redirects to 'bslh::Hash<>'.  Note that
/// deleting the 'bsl::hash' template specialization for 'MyExistingType' will
/// cause the hash value returned by calls to 'bsl::hash<MyExistingType>' to
/// change, but this is explicitly allowed in the 'bsl::hash' contract.
///
/// ### hashAppend {#bslh-hashappend}
///
/// The fundamental piece of this system, at least for type implementers, is the
/// 'hashAppend' free function.  What this free function does is pass the data
/// members of a class which need to be hashed, into a hashing algorithm.  It
/// removes the need for the type implementer to actually write the hashing
/// algorithm.  An example implementation can be seen below:
/// @code
///  namespace BloombergLP {
///  namespace NamespaceForBoxes {
///
///  class Box {
///      // A value semantic type that represents a box drawn on to a Cartesian
///      // plane.
///    private:
///      Point d_position;
///      int   d_length;
///      int   d_width;
///    public:
///      Box(Point position, int length, int width);
///          // Create a box with the specified 'length' and 'width', with its
///          // upper left corner at the specified 'position'
///
///      friend bool operator==(const Box &left, const Box &right);
///
///      template <class HASH_ALGORITHM>
///      friend
///      void hashAppend(HASH_ALGORITHM &hashAlg, const Box &box);
///          // Apply the specified 'hashAlg' to the specified 'box'
///  };
///
///  Box::Box(Point position, int length, int width)
///  : d_position(position)
///  , d_length(length)
///  , d_width(width)
///  {
///  }
///
///  bool operator==(const Box &left, const Box &right)
///  {
///      return (left.d_position == right.d_position)
///          && (left.d_length   == right.d_length)
///          && (left.d_width    == right.d_width);
///  }
///
///  template <class HASH_ALGORITHM>
///  void hashAppend(HASH_ALGORITHM &hashAlg, const Box &box)
///  {
///      using bslh::hashAppend;
///      hashAppend(hashAlg, box.d_position);
///      hashAppend(hashAlg, box.d_length);
///      hashAppend(hashAlg, box.d_width);
///  }
///
///  } // close package namespace
///  } // close enterprise namespace
/// @endcode
/// A few key features of the 'hashAppend' function:
///
///  1. 'hashAppend' is a free function that can be picked up through argument
///    dependent look-up (ADL).
/// 
///    1. In order to ensure 'hashAppend' can be found through ADL, the function
///      must begin with 'using bslh::hashAppend'.  Note that most of the time
///      this isn't required because most 'HASH_ALGORITHM's will be implemented in
///      'bslh' and thus ADL will already be looking in 'bslh'.  The using
///      statement is still required, however, to support algorithms that are
///      implemented outside of 'blsh'.
/// 
///  2. 'hashAppend' is defined the header file of the type for which it is
///    implemented.
/// 
///  3. If 'hashAppend' requires access to private data, it is declared as a friend
///    to the type which it is hashing.
/// 
///  4. 'hashAppend' accepts a reference to a templated hashing algorithm functor,
///    and a 'const' reference to the type which it is hashing.
/// 
///  5. 'hashAppend' recursively calls 'hashAppend' on each of the
///    salient-attributes of the type that it is hashing, propagating the hash
///    algorithm functor with each invocation.
///
/// This is the extent of the work for a type implementer.  Once a type
/// implementer knows what members need to contribute to a hash value, the type
/// implementer simply calls 'hashAppend' on members as shown above.  Those
/// members will then be passed into and used by whatever algorithm a consumer of
/// the type wants to apply.
///
/// ### Determining what to Hash {#bslh-determining-what-to-hash}
///
/// Type implementers should be familiar with the rules for hash functions.  There
/// are two main rules:
///
///  1. If 'x == y', then both 'x' and 'y' shall produce the same hash.
/// 
///  2. If 'x != y', then 'x' and 'y' should not produce the same hash.
///
/// For example, if the first rule is violated, 'unordered_map' will encounter
/// runtime errors.  If the second rule is violated, collisions will occur and the
/// performance of 'unordered_map' will suffer.
///
/// Since the rule about hashing are predicated on 'operator==', the easiest way
/// to determine what to hash is to look at 'operator=='.  For example, lets
/// reexamine 'operator==' from our earlier code sample:
/// @code
///  bool operator==(const Box &left, const Box &right)
///  {
///      return (left.d_position == right.d_position)
///          && (left.d_length   == right.d_length)
///          && (left.d_width    == right.d_width);
///  }
/// @endcode
/// In order to ensure that the first rule of hashing if followed, we must only
/// include data members in our hash if one of the following is true:
///
///  * The data member is used in the 'operator==' comparison.
/// 
///  * The data member is a entirely dependent on data that is used in the
///    'operator==' comparison.
/// 
///  * The data member is constant.
///
/// If we do not meet any of the above criteria, we open ourselves to the
/// possibility that two objects that compare equal will hash to different values.
/// If two equal objects hash to different values, hash-based data structures
/// ('unordered_map' being the primary concern) will break.  And example of
/// something not to include in 'hashAppend' would be the 'capacity()' of a
/// vector.
///
/// In order to make the second rule of hashing remain true, we should include
/// everything that appears in 'operator==' in our hash.  The more data we can put
/// into the hashing algorithm, the higher the chances of us getting unique
/// outputs.  By following these suggestions, we produced the 'hashAppend'
/// function from our earlier code example:
/// @code
///  template <class HASH_ALGORITHM>
///  void hashAppend(HASH_ALGORITHM &hashAlg, const Box &box)
///  {
///      using bslh::hashAppend;
///      hashAppend(hashAlg, box.d_position);
///      hashAppend(hashAlg, box.d_length);
///      hashAppend(hashAlg, box.d_width);
///  }
/// @endcode
/// It is worth noting that sometimes even data members that don't actually
/// contribute entropy can still help us produce a more unique unique outputs.
/// For example consider 'vector<vector<int> >'.  If we just hashed the elements
/// in the vector, then an empty 'vector<vector<int> >' would generate the same
/// hash value as a 'vector<vector<int> >' containing one (or more) empty
/// 'vector<int>' objects.  This violates the second rule of hashing (above).  By
/// also passing 'vector.length()' (which is used in equality) into the algorithm,
/// the two vectors will hash to different values.
///
/// ### Hashing Other User Defined Types {#bslh-hashing-other-user-defined-types}
///
/// As we can see in code sample above showing 'hashAppend', 'hashAppend' is
/// called on a data member of the user-defined type, 'Point'.  This code will not
/// compile if 'Point' is a type for which 'hashAppend' has not been implemented.
/// The best route to take is to have the creator of 'Point' go back and add a
/// 'hashAppend' function.  If the creator, or somebody knowledgeable about the
/// type, is not available to add the 'hashAppend' function, there is a work
/// around.  Assuming 'Point' supports the old system and has a 'bsl::hash<Point>'
/// specialization, you can just hash the 'Point' and then pass the resulting
/// 'size_t' into 'hashAppend' just like you would with any other integer data
/// member.  The following code sample shows how we can modify 'Box's 'hashAppend'
/// function to handle 'Point' without a 'hashAppend' free function for 'Point':
/// @code
///  template <class HASH_ALGORITHM>
///  void hashAppend(HASH_ALGORITHM &hashAlg, const Box &box)
///  {
///      using bslh::hashAppend;
///      hashAppend(hashAlg, bsl::hash<Point>()(box.d_position));
///      hashAppend(hashAlg, box.d_length);
///      hashAppend(hashAlg, box.d_width);
///  }
/// @endcode
/// In the above code sample, the first call to 'hashAppend' is now effectively
/// calling 'hashAppend' on an integer type (the resulting hash from 'bsl::hash'),
/// rather than on 'Point'.  This trick allows new development to use this modular
/// hashing system without having to wait for existing code to be upgraded.
///
/// ### Hashing Pointers (especially const char ) {#bslh-hashing-pointers}
///
/// Pointers, particularly C-Strings (in the 'const char *' form), are an
/// unfortunate exception in hashing.  Because the standard mandates that we must
/// be able to hash pointers, there is no way to distinguish a null terminated
/// 'const char *' (C-String) from a regular pointer to a 'char'.  Because of
/// this, hashing C-Strings has slightly different semantics.  Instead of calling
/// 'hashAppend' on the pointer, we must pass our C-String directly into the
/// hashing algorithm functor.  All of the hashing algorithm functors in 'bslh'
/// have the function signature shown below:
/// @code
///  /// Incorporates the specified `data` of `length` bytes into the internal
///  /// state of the hashing algorithm.
///  void operator()(const char *data, size_t length);
/// @endcode
/// As we can see, the hashing algorithm functor takes a pointer to the start of
/// the data and a length in bytes.  To hash a C-String, we call the hashing
/// algorithm functor with our pointer and the length of the C-String which we
/// have stored or pre-calculated.  An example of this is the 'hashAppend'
/// function for string, shown here:
/// @code
///  template <class HASHALG,
///            class CHAR_TYPE,
///            class CHAR_TRAITS,
///            class ALLOCATOR>
///  void hashAppend(HASHALG&                        hashAlg,
///                  const basic_string<CHAR_TYPE,
///                                     CHAR_TRAITS,
///                                     ALLOCATOR>&  input)
///  {
///      using bslh::hashAppend;
///      hashAlg(input.data(), sizeof(CHAR_TYPE)*input.size());
///  }
/// @endcode
/// This technique can be applied to any case where you want to hash contiguous
/// data.  It is especially important that the your data is completely contiguous,
/// because padding bits and the like could result in the same data hashing to
/// different values, which violates the first rule of hashing.
///
/// ### Converting Existing Types {#bslh-converting-existing-types}
///
/// The same process as above should be followed when implementing 'hashAppend' on
/// user defined types which already specialize 'bsl::hash'.  One extra step that
/// is required is the 'bsl::hash' template specialization must be removed once
/// 'hashAppend' has been implemented.  'unordered_map's will still function after
/// the 'bsl::hash' specialization has been removed, since 'bsl::hash<TYPE>'
/// automatically calls 'bslh::Hash<>' when no specialization exists.  Note that
/// deleting the 'bsl::hash' template specialization will cause the hash value
/// returned by 'bsl::hash<YourType>' to change, however, this is explicitly
/// allowed by the contract of 'bsl::hash'.
///
/// ## Type Users {#bslh-type-users}
///
/// The primary use case for 'bslh::Hash' is producing hash values for hash tables
/// ('unordered_map's), so we will be focusing on that for the next example, but
/// this section does apply generally to any use of the modular hashing system.
/// The basic background knowledge required for this section is:
///
///  * 'hashAppend' is a free function, implemented by type implementers, which
///    makes a type hashable.
/// 
///  * 'bslh::Hash<>' is a hashing functor that has the same interface as
///    'bsl::hash<SomeType>', but allows you to supply a hashing algorithm as a
///    template parameter.
/// 
///  * Standard hashing algorithm functors are available in the 'bslh' package.
///
/// Beyond this basic summary, some knowledge of how 'bslh::Hash' and 'bsl::hash'
/// interact is required for type users to get the most out of this system.
///
/// ### bsl::hash {#bslh-bsl-hash}
///
/// Unfortunately, 'bsl::hash' is impossible to completely escape, even with the
/// modular hashing system.  The standard mandates that 'unordered_map's with a
/// key of 'SomeType' will call 'bsl::hash<SomeType>' by default.  We have done
/// our best to make 'bsl::hash' and 'bslh::Hash' interact nicely in most
/// scenarios, and the section below shows what behavior can be expected from
/// calling 'bsl::hash<SomeType>'.
///
///  * 'bsl::hash' is specialized for 'SomeType' *and* 'hashAppend' is implemented
///    for 'SomeType'.
/// 
///    * Calling 'bsl::hash<SomeType>' will go to the 'bsl::hash' template
///      specialization.  Note that 'bsl::hash<SomeType>' should normally be
///      deleted once 'hashAppend' has been implemented on 'SomeType'.  If
///      'bsl::hash<SomeType>' has not been deleted, please contact the type's
///      creator and ask them to do so.
/// 
///    * 'bslh::Hash<AnyImplementedAlgorithm>' can be called directly
/// 
///  * 'bsl::hash' is not specialized for 'SomeType' *and* 'hashAppend' is
///    implemented for 'SomeType'.
/// 
///    * Calling 'bsl::hash<SomeType>' will automatically redirect to
///      'bslh::Hash<>'.
/// 
///    * 'bslh::Hash<AnyImplementedAlgorithm>' can be called directly
/// 
///  * 'bsl::hash' is specialized for 'SomeType' *and* 'hashAppend' is not
///    implemented for 'SomeType'.
/// 
///    * Calling 'bsl::hash<SomeType>' will go to the 'bsl::hash' template
///      specialization.  Please implement 'hashAppend' on 'SomeType'.
/// 
///  * 'bsl::hash' is not specialized for 'SomeType' *and* 'hashAppend' is not
///    implemented for 'SomeType'.
/// 
///    * Does not compile, please implement 'hashAppend' on 'SomeType'.
///
/// Note that when 'bsl::hash<SomeType>' redirects to 'bslh::Hash<>',
/// 'bslh::Hash<>' is always using the defualt hashing algorithm.  This is fine
/// for most use cases, but if we need to use a special algorithm, such as a
/// secure one to prevent Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in a hash table, we must
/// directly use 'bslh::Hash' in order to swap out the algorithm template
/// parameter.
///
/// ### bslh::Hash {#bslh-bslh-hash}
///
/// There are various algorithms that can be swapped into 'bslh::Hash' as template
/// parameters.  Algorithms such as SipHash and SpookyHash
/// ('bslh::SipHashAlgorithm' and 'bslh::SpookyHashAlgorithm' respectively) are
/// implemented and can be swapped into 'bslh::Hash'.  There are also a number of
/// wrapper classes such as 'bslh::DefaultHashAlgorithm' and
/// 'balh::DefaultSeededHashAlgorithm' which are named to allow you to pick them
/// based on what you need, meaning you don't need an in depth knowledge of the
/// individual hashing algorithms.  The usage of these algorithms can be seen
/// below:
/// @code
///  // Implicitly uses 'bsl::hash<MyType>', may or may not redirect to
///  // 'bslh::Hash<>'.
///  bsl::unordered_map<MyType, int> unorderedMap;
///
///  // Implicitly uses 'bslh::DefaultHashAlgorithm', which redirects to the
///  // current best default algorithm for hashing.
///  bsl::unordered_map<MyType, int, bslh::Hash<>> unorderedMap;
///
///  // Explicitly uses 'bslh::DefaultHashAlgorithm', which redirects to the
///  // current best default algorithm for hashing.
///  bsl::unordered_map<MyType, int, bslh::Hash<bslh::DefaultHashAlgorithm>>
///                                                                  unorderedMap;
///
///  // Explicitly uses 'bslh::SpookyHashAlgorithm', one of the algorithms
///  // available in 'bslh'.
///  bsl::unordered_map<MyType, int, bslh::Hash<bslh::SpookyHashAlgorithm>>
///                                                                  unorderedMap;
/// @endcode
///
/// ### bslh::SeededHash, bslh::SeedGenerator, and Secure Hashing {#bslh-bslh-seededhash-bslh-seedgenerator-and-secure-hashing}
///
/// Some hashing algorithms, such as 'bslh::SipHashAlgorithm', require seeds to
/// function.  'bslh::SipHashAlgorithm' was designed by its creators to provide
/// protection against hash table DoS attacks.  In order to get the most
/// protection, 'bslh::SipHashAlgorithm' requires a cryptographically secure
/// random number in order to produce hashes that will be secure against an
/// attacker.  'bslh::SeededHash' and 'bslh::SeedGenerator' exist to facilitate
/// passing seeds into hashing algorithms.
///
/// #### Seeded Algorithms {#bslh-seeded-algorithms}
///
/// Different algorithms have different seed requirements.  Some require a seed to
/// function and others take one optionally.  The table below shows the seed
/// requirements of the algorithms in 'bslh':
/// @code
///+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
///|        Algorithm                  | Takes Seed? | Requires Seed? | Crypto?* |
///+-----------------------------------+-------------+----------------+----------+
///|'bslh::DefaultHashAlgorithm'       |      N      |       N        |     N    |
///+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
///|'bslh::DefaultSeededHashAlgorithm' |      Y      |       Y        |     N    |
///+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
///|'bslh::SipHashAlgorithm'           |      Y      |       Y        |     Y    |
///+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
///|'bslh::SpookyHashAlgorithm'        |      Y      |       N        |     N    |
///+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
/// [*] "Crypto" is reverting to the requirement on the seed, not the quality of
/// the algorithm.  I.e., 'bslh::SipHashAlgorithm' is not a cryptographically
/// secure algorithm, but it *is* a cryptographically strong pseudo-random
/// function, *if* it's provided a cryptographically secure seed (see
/// 'bslh_siphashalgorithm' for more information).
/// @endcode
/// Algorithms can require different sized seeds, and different quality of seeds.
/// These variances are handled by 'bslh::SeedGenerator'.
///
/// #### bslh::SeedGenerator {#bslh-bslh-seedgenerator}
///
/// bslh::SeedGenerator allows users to choose their Random Number Generator (RNG)
/// and then handles the actual seed generation for algorithms.  It presents the
/// following interface:
/// @code
///  template<class RANDOM_NUM_GEN>
///  class SeedGenerator : private RANDOM_NUM_GEN {
///    private:
///      // PRIVATE TYPES
///      typedef typename RANDOM_NUM_GEN::result_type result_type;
///
///      // DATA
///      enum { k_RNGOUTPUTSIZE = sizeof(typename RANDOM_NUM_GEN::result_type)};
///
///    public:
///      // CREATORS
///      SeedGenerator();
///
///      explicit SeedGenerator(const RANDOM_NUM_GEN &randomNumberGenerator);
///
///      // MANIPULATORS
///      void generateSeed(char *seedLocation, size_t seedLength);
///  };
/// @endcode
/// Note that 'bslh::SeedGenerator' takes advantage of the empty base optimization
/// when possible.
///
/// 'bslh::SeedGenerator' takes a RNG as a template parameter.  The quality of
/// this RNG will determine the quality of the seed produced.  That is, if the RNG
/// is cryptographically secure, the seed will be as well.  'bslh::SeedGenerator'
/// can be either default constructed or constructed with an instance of the
/// (template parameter) type 'RANDOM_NUM_GEN'.  Default construction is preferred
/// if possible, but the parameterized constructor exists for cases when
/// 'RANDOM_NUM_GEN' is not default constructable, or when you need to pass in an
/// instance of 'RANDOM_NUM_GEN' with a particular state.
///
/// The 'generateSeed' method will be used by 'bslh::SeededHash' to generate seeds
/// for any algorithm that takes a seed.
///
/// #### bslh::SeededHash {#bslh-bslh-seededhash}
///
/// 'bslh::SeededHash' is very similar to 'bslh::Hash'.  Both are wrappers for the
/// hashing algorithm functors in 'bslh and both present an interface that meets
/// the requirements of the standard for 'std::hash'.  The interface of
/// 'bslh::SeededHash' can be seen below.
/// @code
///  template <class SEED_GENERATOR, class HASH_ALGORITHM =
///                                              bslh::DefaultSeededHashAlgorithm>
///  struct SeededHash {
///    private:
///      // DATA
///      char seed[HASH_ALGORITHM::k_SEED_LENGTH];
///
///    public:
///      // TYPES
///      typedef size_t result_type;
///
///      // CREATORS
///      SeededHash();
///
///      explicit SeededHash(SEED_GENERATOR& seedGenerator);
///
///      // ACCESSORS
///      template <class TYPE>
///      result_type operator()(const TYPE& type) const;
///  };
/// @endcode
/// Like 'bslh::SeedGenerator', 'bslh::SeededHash' has both default and
/// parameterized constructors.  If the (template parameter) type 'SEED_GENERATOR'
/// is default constructible, then 'bslh:SeededHash' will be default
/// constructible, and it can be used in the exact same way as 'bslh::Hash', as
/// shown here:
/// @code
///  // Construct an unordered map with a secure hashing algorithm
///  bsl::unordered_map<MyType,
///                    int,
///                    bslh::SeededHash<bslh::SeedGenerator<CryptoRNG>,
///                                     bslh::SecureHashAlgorithm> > unorderedMap;
/// @endcode
/// If 'bslh::SeededHash' is not default constructable, or you want to use a
/// specific instance of a RNG or seed generator, then 'unordered_map' can no
/// longer be default constructed as previously shown.  Instead,
/// 'bslh::SeededHash' must be passed through the constructor of the unordered
/// map, seen here:
/// @code
///  // typedefs to make the code smaller
///  typedef bslh::SeedGenerator<CryptoRNG> CryptoSeedGen;
///  typedef bslh::SeededHash<CryptoSeedGen, bslh::SecureHashAlgorithm>
///                                                                  CryptoHasher;
///
///  // Construct the required seed generator and hashing algorithm wrapper from
///  // 'someRNGObject'
///  CryptoSeedGen seedGenerator(someRNGObject);
///  CryptoHasher hashAlg(seedGenerator);
///
///  // Construct our unordered map
///  bsl::unordered_map<MyType, int, CryptoHasher> secureUnorderedMap(
///                                                                 startIterator,
///                                                                 endIterator,
///                                                                 hashAlg);
/// @endcode
/// One important difference between 'bslh::Hash' and 'bslh::SeededHash' is that
/// 'bslh::SeededHash' needs to hold the seed, so it can not benefit from the
/// empty base optimization.
///
/// ### Hashing Performance and Fundamental Integer Types {#bslh-hashing-performance-and-fundamental-integer-types}
///
/// Fundamental integer types are a notable exception to the pattern of
/// redirecting 'bsl::hash' specializations to 'bslh::Hash'.  Fundamental integer
/// types will retain their 'bsl::hash' template specializations that are identity
/// functions (they return the supplied integer value its own hash value).  This
/// is done for performance reasons, as identity hashing is the fastest possible
/// hash.  Please note that this is not a good hashing algorithm and should only
/// be used in cases where performance is critical and the data is predicable
/// enough that we know minimal numbers of bucket collisions will occur.
///
/// ### Choosing a Hashing Algorithm {#bslh-choosing-a-hashing-algorithm}
///
/// For most purposes, the default supplied hashing algorithm will be best.  It
/// has a good combination of speed and key distribution.  In cases where user
/// input is directly included in the 'unordered_map', it is recommended to use a
/// secure hashing algorithm instead, to prevent Denial of Service (DoS) attacks
/// where an attacker causes all of the keys to collide to the same bucket.  Make
/// sure to read the component level documentation when looking for an algorithm,
/// to be sure that a hashing algorithm has the right trade offs for your use
/// case.
///
/// ## Extending the System {#bslh-extending-the-system}
///
/// Every piece of the modular hashing system can be extended and swapped out in
/// favor of user defined pieces.  This section defines how to extend the various
/// pieces, and the canonical interfaces that must be adhered to.  Both type
/// implementers and users may have need of this section.
///
/// ### Hashing Algorithm Functors {#bslh-hashing-algorithm-functors}
///
/// Users are free write their own hashing algorithms and make them available via
/// functors.  In order to plug into 'bslh::Hash' the algorithms must implement
/// the following interface:
/// @code
///  class SomeHashAlgorithm
///  {
///    public:
///      // TYPES
///      typedef uint64 result_type;
///
///      // CREATORS
///      SomeHashAlgorithm();
///
///      // MANIPULATORS
///      void operator()(const char * key, size_t len);
///
///      result_type computeHash();
///  };
/// @endcode
/// The 'result_type' 'typedef' must define the return type of this particular
/// algorithm.  A default constructor (either implicit or explicit) must be
/// supplied that creates an algorithm functor that is in a usable state.  An
/// 'operator()' must be supplied that takes a 'const char' pointer to the data to
/// be hashed and a 'size_t' length of bytes to be hashed.  This operator must
/// operate on all data uniformly, meaning that regardless of whether data is
/// passed in all at once, or one byte at a time, the result returned by
/// 'computeHash()' will be the same.  'computeHash()' will return the final
/// result of the hashing algorithm, in the form of a 'result_type'.
/// 'computeHash()' is allowed to modify the internal state of the algorithm,
/// meaning calling 'computeHash()' more than once might not return the correct
/// value.
///
/// Hashing algorithm functors containing algorithms that require seeds must
/// implement the interface shown above, with the exception of the default
/// constructor.  Seeded algorithm functors must also implement the following
/// interface:
/// @code
///  class SomeHashAlgorithm
///  {
///    public:
///      // CONSTANTS
///      enum { k_SEED_LENGTH = XXX };
///
///      // CREATORS
///      explicit SomeHashAlgorithm(const char *seed);
///  };
/// @endcode
/// The 'k_SEED_LENGTH' enum must be in the public interface, and 'XXX' must be
/// replaced with an integer literal indicating the number of bytes of seed the
/// algorithm requires.  The parameterized constructor must accept a 'const char'
/// pointer.  This pointer will point to a seed of 'XXX' bytes in size.
///
/// ### Hashing Algorithm Wrappers (bslh::Hash) {#bslh-hashing-algorithm-wrappers}
///
/// Users are free to write their own versions of 'bslh::Hash<>' for whatever use
/// case they require (in fact, 'bslh::SeededHash<>' is one such example).
/// Because no other parts of the modular hashing system rely on 'bslh::Hash<>',
/// you are free to use whatever interface is necessary.  The recommended
/// interface for maintaining compatibility with components that previously used
/// 'bsl::hash<>' can be seen here:
/// @code
///  template <class HASH_ALGORITHM>
///  struct YourHash
///  {
///      // TYPES
///      typedef size_t result_type;
///
///      // ACCESSORS
///      template <class TYPE>
///      result_type operator()(TYPE const& type) const;
///  };
/// @endcode
/// The hashing algorithm wrapper that you create to replace 'blsh::Hash<>' should
/// be templated to operate using various 'HASH_ALGORITHM's.  Whether or not there
/// is a default option for the template is optional.  The 'result_type' should
/// define the type of the hash value that you will return.  The 'operator()'
/// should be templated to operate on any 'TYPE'.  'operator()' should take a
/// single 'const' reference to 'TYPE' and should return a 'result_type'.  Given
/// two 'TYPEs' that compare equal with 'operator==', 'operator()' *must* return
/// the same hash.
///
/// ### Seed Generator {#bslh-seed-generator}
///
/// Users are free to write their own seed generator, a class of component
/// required by 'bslh::SeededHash'.  The seed generator must conform to the
/// interface shown here:
/// @code
///  class YourSeedGenerator
///  {
///      // ACCESSORS
///      void generateSeed(char *seedLocation, size_t seedLength);
///  };
/// @endcode
/// The only mandatory piece of the seed generator interface is the 'generateSeed'
/// method which accepts a 'char' pointer to memory to be written and a 'size_t'
/// length in bytes.  The generateSeed method must fill the size_t bytes of the
/// memory pointed to by the 'char' pointer with a seed.  If possible, it is
/// better for the seed generator to be default constructible, however, any sort
/// of constructor is acceptable because the seed generator can be constructed and
/// passed directly into 'bslh::SeededHash' if required.  Be aware that having a
/// non-default constructor makes it more difficult to use the seed generator (see
/// the 'bslh::SeededHash' section above to see the difference).
///
/// ## Hierarchical Synopsis {#bslh-hierarchical-synopsis}
///
/// The 'bslh' package currently has 16 components having 4 levels of physical
/// dependency.  The list below shows the hierarchical ordering of the components.
/// The order of components within each level is not architecturally significant,
/// just alphabetical.
/// @code
///  4. bslh_filesystem
///     bslh_hashoptional
///     bslh_hashpair
///     bslh_hashthreadid
///     bslh_hashtuple
///     bslh_hashvariant
///     bslh_seededhash
///
///  3. bslh_hash
///
///  2. bslh_defaulthashalgorithm
///     bslh_defaultseededhashalgorithm
///     bslh_spookyhashalgorithm
///
///  1. bslh_fibonaccibadhashwrapper
///     bslh_seedgenerator
///     bslh_siphashalgorithm
///     bslh_spookyhashalgorithmimp
///     bslh_wyhashincrementalalgorithm
/// @endcode
///
/// ## Component Synopsis {#bslh-component-synopsis}
///
///  @ref bslh_defaulthashalgorithm :
///       Provide a reasonable hashing algorithm for default use.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_defaultseededhashalgorithm :
///       Provide a reasonable seeded hashing algorithm for default use.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_fibonaccibadhashwrapper :
///       Provide a wrapper to improve "bad" hash algorithms.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_filesystem :
///       Provide `hash` for `std::filesystem::path`.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_hash :
///       Provide a struct to run `bslh` hash algorithms on supported types.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_hashoptional :
///       Provide `hashAppend` for `std::optional`.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_hashpair :
///       Provide `hashAppend` for `std::pair`.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_hashthreadid :
///       Provide `hashAppend` for `std::thread::id`.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_hashtuple :
///       Provide `hashAppend` for `std::tuple`.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_hashvariant :
///       Provide `hashAppend` for `std::variant`.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_seededhash :
///       Provide a struct to run seeded `bslh` hash algorithms on types.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_seedgenerator :
///       Provide a class to generate arbitrary length seeds for algorithms.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_siphashalgorithm :
///       Provide an implementation of the SipHash algorithm.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_spookyhashalgorithm :
///       Provide an implementation of the SpookyHash algorithm.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_spookyhashalgorithmimp :
///       Provide BDE style encapsulation of 3rd party SpookyHash code.
/// 
///  @ref bslh_wyhashincrementalalgorithm :
///       Provide an implementation of the WyHash algorithm final v3.
///
/// ## Component Overview {#bslh-component-overview}
///
/// This section provides a brief introduction to each of the components in the
/// `bslh` package.  Full details are available in the documentation of each
/// component.
///
/// ### bslh_defaulthashalgorithm {#bslh-bslh_defaulthashalgorithm}
///
/// The @ref bslh_defaulthashalgorithm  component provides an unspecified default
/// hashing algorithm.  The supplied algorithm is suitable for general purpose use
/// in a hash table.  The underlying algorithm is subject to change in future
/// releases.
///
/// This class satisfies the requirements for regular `bslh` hashing algorithms,
/// as defined in @ref bslh_hash .
///
/// ### bslh_defaultseededhashalgorithm {#bslh-bslh_defaultseededhashalgorithm}
///
/// The @ref bslh_defaultseededhashalgorithm  component provides an unspecified
/// default seeded hashing algorithm.  The supplied algorithm is suitable for
/// general purpose use in a hash table.  The underlying algorithm is subject to
/// change in future releases.
///
/// This class satisfies the requirements for seeded `bslh` hashing algorithms, as
/// defined in @ref bslh_seededhash .
///
/// ### bslh_hash {#bslh-bslh_hash}
///
/// The @ref bslh_hash  component provides a templated `struct`, `bslh::Hash`, which
/// provides hashing functionality.  This struct is a drop in replacement for
/// `bsl::hash`.  `bslh::Hash` is a wrapper that adapts hashing algorithms from
/// `bslh` and `hashAppend` free functions to match the interface of `bsl::hash`.
/// This component also contains `hashAppend` definitions for fundamental types,
/// which are required to make the hashing algorithms in `bslh` work.
///
/// ### bslh_seededhash {#bslh-bslh_seededhash}
///
/// The @ref bslh_seededhash  component provides a templated struct,
/// `bslh::SeededHash`, which provides hashing functionality.  This `struct` is a
/// drop in replacement for `bsl::hash`.  It is similar to `bslh::Hash`, however,
/// it is meant for hashes that require a seed.  It takes a seed generator and
/// uses that to create seeds to give the hashing algorithm.  `bslh::SeededHash`
/// is a wrapper which adapts hashing algorithms from `bslh` to match the
/// interface of `bsl::hash`.  `bslh::SeededHash` is a universal hashing functor
/// that will hash any type that implements `hashAppend` using the hashing
/// algorithm provided as a template parameter.
///
/// ### bslh_seedgenerator {#bslh-bslh_seedgenerator}
///
/// The @ref bslh_seedgenerator  component provides a class, `bslh::SeedGenerator`,
/// which utilizes a user-supplied random number generator (RNG) to generate
/// arbitrary length seeds.  The quality of the seeds will only be as good as the
/// quality of the supplied RNG.  A cryptographically secure RNG must be supplied
/// in order for `SeedGenerator` to produce seeds suitable for a cryptographically
/// secure algorithm.
///
/// This class satisfies the requirements for a seed generator, as defined in
/// @ref bslh_seededhash .
///
/// ### bslh_siphashalgorithm {#bslh-bslh_siphashalgorithm}
///
/// The @ref bslh_siphashalgorithm  component provides an implementation of the
/// SipHash algorithm.  SipHash is an algorithm designed for speed and security.
/// A primary use case for this algorithm is to provide an extra line of defense
/// in hash tables (such as the underlying implementation of `unordered_map`)
/// against malicious input that could cause Denial of Service (DoS) attacks.  It
/// is based on one of the finalists for the SHA-3 cryptographic hash standard.
/// Full details of the hash function can be found here:
/// https://131002.net/siphash/siphash.pdf.  This particular implementation
/// has been derived from `siphash.h` in Howard Hinnant's work here:
/// https://github.com/HowardHinnant/hash_append and as much of the original
/// code as possible, including comment headers, has been preserved.
///
/// This class satisfies the requirements for seeded `bslh` hashing algorithms, as
/// defined in @ref bslh_seededhash .
///
/// ### bslh_spookyhashalgorithm {#bslh-bslh_spookyhashalgorithm}
///
/// The @ref bslh_spookyhashalgorithm  component provides an implementation of the
/// SpookyHash algorithm by Bob Jenkins.  This algorithm is a general purpose
/// algorithm that is known to quickly reach good avalanche performance and
/// execute in time that is comparable to or faster than other industry standard
/// algorithms such as CityHash.  It is a good default choice for hashing values
/// in unordered associative containers.  For more information, see
/// http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/spooky.html.
///
/// This class satisfies the requirements for regular `bslh` hashing algorithms
/// and seeded `bslh` hashing algorithms, as defined in @ref bslh_hash  and
/// @ref bslh_seededhash  respectively.
///
/// ### bslh_spookyhashalgorithmimp {#bslh-bslh_spookyhashalgorithmimp}
///
/// The @ref bslh_spookyhashalgorithmimp  component provides BDE-style encapsulation
/// of Bob Jenkins canonical SpookyHash implementation.  SpookyHash provides a way
/// to hash contiguous data all at once, or non-contiguous data in pieces.  More
/// information is available at http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/spooky.html.
///
/// ### bslh_wyhashincrementalalgorithm {#bslh-bslh_wyhashincrementalalgorithm}
///
/// The `WyHash` algorithm, @ref wyhash_final_version_3  with the `incremental`
/// property added, meaning that hashing a segment in a single pass will yield the
/// same result as hashing it in contiguous pieces, but, unlike the original
/// `WyHash`, this algorithm yields different results depending on the byte order
/// of the host.
///
/// @}
/** @} */