balber_berencoder.h

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/// @file balber_berencoder.h
///
/// The content of this file has been pre-processed for Doxygen.
///
 
 
// balber_berencoder.h                                                -*-C++-*-
#ifndef INCLUDED_BALBER_BERENCODER
#define INCLUDED_BALBER_BERENCODER
 
#include <bsls_ident.h>
BSLS_IDENT("$Id: $")
 
/// @defgroup balber_berencoder balber_berencoder
/// @brief  Provide a BER encoder class.
/// @addtogroup bal
/// @{
/// @addtogroup balber
/// @{
/// @addtogroup balber_berencoder
/// @{
///
/// <h1> Outline </h1>
/// * <a href="#balber_berencoder-purpose"> Purpose</a>
/// * <a href="#balber_berencoder-classes"> Classes </a>
/// * <a href="#balber_berencoder-description"> Description </a>
///   * <a href="#balber_berencoder-usage"> Usage </a>
///     * <a href="#balber_berencoder-example-1-encoding-an-employee-record"> Example 1: Encoding an Employee Record </a>
///
/// # Purpose {#balber_berencoder-purpose}
/// Provide a BER encoder class.
///
/// # Classes {#balber_berencoder-classes}
///
/// -   balber::BerEncoder: BER encoder
///
/// @see  balber_berdecoder, bdem_bdemencoder, balxml_encoder
///
/// # Description {#balber_berencoder-description}
/// This component defines a single class, `balber::BerEncoder`,
/// that contains a parameterized `encode` function.  The `encode` function
/// encodes the object of the parameterized type into the specified stream.
/// The `encode` method is overloaded for two types of output streams:
/// * `bsl::streambuf`
/// * `bsl::ostream`
///
/// This component encodes objects based on the X.690 BER specification.  It can
/// only be used with types supported by the `bdlat` framework.
///
/// ## Usage {#balber_berencoder-usage}
///
///
/// This section illustrates intended use of this component.
///
/// ### Example 1: Encoding an Employee Record {#balber_berencoder-example-1-encoding-an-employee-record}
///
///
/// Suppose that an "employee record" consists of a sequence of attributes --
/// `name`, `age`, and `salary` -- that are of types `bsl::string`, `int`, and
/// `float`, respectively.  Furthermore, we have a need to BER encode employee
/// records as a sequence of values (for out-of-process consumption).
///
/// Assume that we have defined a `usage::EmployeeRecord` class to represent
/// employee record values, and assume that we have provided the `bdlat`
/// specializations that allow the `balber` codec components to represent class
/// values as a sequence of BER primitive values.  See
/// {@ref bdlat_sequencefunctions |Usage} for details of creating specializations
/// for a sequence type.
///
/// First, we create an employee record object having typical values:
/// @code
/// usage::EmployeeRecord bob("Bob", 56, 1234.00);
/// assert("Bob"   == bob.name());
/// assert(  56    == bob.age());
/// assert(1234.00 == bob.salary());
/// @endcode
/// Now, we create a `balber::Encoder` object and use it to encode our `bob`
/// object.  Here, to facilitate the examination of our results, the BER
/// encoding data is delivered to a `bslsb::MemOutStreamBuf` object:
/// @code
/// bdlsb::MemOutStreamBuf osb;
/// balber::BerEncoder     encoder;
/// int                    rc = encoder.encode(&osb, bob);
/// assert( 0 == rc);
/// assert(18 == osb.length());
/// @endcode
/// Finally, we confirm that the generated BER encoding has the expected layout
/// and values.  We create an `bdlsb::FixedMemInStreamBuf` to manage our access
/// to the data portion of the `bdlsb::MemOutStreamBuf` where our BER encoding
/// resides:
/// @code
/// bdlsb::FixedMemInStreamBuf isb(osb.data(), osb.length());
/// @endcode
/// The @ref balber_berutil  component provides functions that allow us to decode
/// the descriptive fields and values of the BER encoded sequence:
/// @code
/// balber::BerConstants::TagClass tagClass;
/// balber::BerConstants::TagType  tagType;
/// int                            tagNumber;
/// int                            accumNumBytesConsumed = 0;
/// int                            length;
///
/// rc = balber::BerUtil::getIdentifierOctets(&isb,
///                                           &tagClass,
///                                           &tagType,
///                                           &tagNumber,
///                                           &accumNumBytesConsumed);
/// assert(0                                             == rc);
/// assert(balber::BerConstants::e_UNIVERSAL             == tagClass);
/// assert(balber::BerConstants::e_CONSTRUCTED           == tagType);
/// assert(balber::BerUniversalTagNumber::e_BER_SEQUENCE == tagNumber);
///
/// rc = balber::BerUtil::getLength(&isb, &length, &accumNumBytesConsumed);
/// assert(0                                    == rc);
/// assert(balber::BerUtil::k_INDEFINITE_LENGTH == length);
/// @endcode
/// The `UNIVERSAL` value in `tagClass` indicates that the `tagNumber` value
/// represents a type in the BER standard, a `BER_SEQUENCE`, as we requested of
/// the infrastructure (see the `IsSequence` specialization above).  The
/// `tagType` value of `CONSTRUCTED` indicates that this is a non-primitive
/// type.  The `INDEFINITE` value for length is typical for sequence encodings.
/// In these cases, the end-of-data is indicated by a sequence to two null
/// bytes.
///
/// We now examine the tags and values corresponding to each of the data members
/// of `usage::EmployeeRecord` class.  For each of these the `tagClass` is
/// `CONTEXT_SPECIFIC` (i.e., member of a larger construct) and the `tagType` is
/// `PRIMITIVE` (`bsl::string`, `int`, and `float` each correspond to a
/// primitive BER type.  The `tagNumber` for each field was defined (in the
/// elided definiton) to correspond the position of the field in the
/// `usage::EmployeeRecord` class.
/// @code
/// rc = balber::BerUtil::getIdentifierOctets(&isb,
///                                           &tagClass,
///                                           &tagType,
///                                           &tagNumber,
///                                           &accumNumBytesConsumed);
/// assert(0                                        == rc);
/// assert(balber::BerConstants::e_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC == tagClass);
/// assert(balber::BerConstants::e_PRIMITIVE        == tagType);
/// assert(1                                        == tagNumber);
///
/// bsl::string name;
/// rc = balber::BerUtil::getValue(&isb, &name, &accumNumBytesConsumed);
/// assert(0     == rc);
/// assert("Bob" == name);
///
/// rc = balber::BerUtil::getIdentifierOctets(&isb,
///                                           &tagClass,
///                                           &tagType,
///                                           &tagNumber,
///                                           &accumNumBytesConsumed);
/// assert(0                                        == rc);
/// assert(balber::BerConstants::e_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC == tagClass);
/// assert(balber::BerConstants::e_PRIMITIVE        == tagType);
/// assert(2                                        == tagNumber);
///
/// int age = 0;
/// rc = balber::BerUtil::getValue(&isb, &age, &accumNumBytesConsumed);
/// assert(0  == rc);
/// assert(56 == age);
///
/// rc = balber::BerUtil::getIdentifierOctets(&isb,
///                                           &tagClass,
///                                           &tagType,
///                                           &tagNumber,
///                                           &accumNumBytesConsumed);
/// assert(0 == rc);
/// assert(balber::BerConstants::e_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC == tagClass);
/// assert(balber::BerConstants::e_PRIMITIVE        == tagType);
/// assert(3                                        == tagNumber);
///
/// float salary = 0.0;
/// rc = balber::BerUtil::getValue(&isb, &salary, &accumNumBytesConsumed);
/// assert(0       == rc);
/// assert(1234.00 == salary);
/// @endcode
/// Lastly, we confirm that end-of-data sequence (two null bytes) are found we
/// expect them and that we have entirely consumed the data that we generated by
/// our encoding.
/// @code
/// rc = balber::BerUtil::getEndOfContentOctets(&isb, &accumNumBytesConsumed);
/// assert(0            == rc);
/// assert(osb.length() == static_cast<bsl::size_t>(accumNumBytesConsumed));
/// @endcode
/// @}
/** @} */
/** @} */
 
/** @addtogroup bal
 * @{
 */
/** @addtogroup balber
 * @{
 */
/** @addtogroup balber_berencoder
 * @{
 */
 
#include <balscm_version.h>
 
#include <balber_berconstants.h>
#include <balber_berencoderoptions.h>
#include <balber_beruniversaltagnumber.h>
#include <balber_berutil.h>
 
#include <bdlat_arrayfunctions.h>
#include <bdlat_attributeinfo.h>
#include <bdlat_choicefunctions.h>
#include <bdlat_customizedtypefunctions.h>
#include <bdlat_enumfunctions.h>
#include <bdlat_formattingmode.h>
#include <bdlat_nullablevaluefunctions.h>
#include <bdlat_sequencefunctions.h>
#include <bdlat_typecategory.h>
#include <bdlat_typename.h>
 
#include <bdlsb_memoutstreambuf.h>
 
#include <bslma_allocator.h>
 
#include <bsls_assert.h>
#include <bsls_keyword.h>
#include <bsls_objectbuffer.h>
 
#include <bsl_ostream.h>
#include <bsl_string.h>
#include <bsl_vector.h>
#include <bsl_typeinfo.h>
 
 
 
namespace balber {
 
struct BerEncoder_encodeProxy;
class  BerEncoder_Visitor;
class  BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor;
class  BerEncoder_LevelGuard;
 
                              // ================
                              // class BerEncoder
                              // ================
 
/// This class contains the parameterized `encode` functions that encode
/// `bdlat` types to an outgoing stream in BER format.
///
/// See @ref balber_berencoder 
class BerEncoder {
 
  private:
    // FRIENDS
    friend struct BerEncoder_encodeProxy;
    friend class  BerEncoder_Visitor;
    friend class  BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor;
    friend class  BerEncoder_LevelGuard;
 
    // PRIVATE TYPES
 
    /// This class provides stream for logging using
    /// `bdlsb::MemOutStreamBuf` as a streambuf.  The logging stream is
    /// created on demand, i.e., during the first attempt to log message.
    ///
    /// See @ref balber_berencoder 
    class MemOutStream : public bsl::ostream {
 
        // DATA
        bdlsb::MemOutStreamBuf d_sb;
 
        // NOT IMPLEMENTED
        MemOutStream(const MemOutStream&);             // = delete;
        MemOutStream& operator=(const MemOutStream&);  // = delete;
 
      public:
        // CREATORS
 
        /// Create a `MemOutStream` object.  Optionally specify a
        /// `basicAllocator` used to supply memory.  If `basicAllocator` is
        /// 0, the currently installed default allocator is used.
        MemOutStream(bslma::Allocator *basicAllocator = 0);
 
        /// Destroy this stream and release memory back to the allocator.
        ///
        /// Although the compiler should generate this destructor
        /// implicitly, xlC 8 breaks when the destructor is called by name
        /// unless it is explicitly declared.
        ~MemOutStream() BSLS_KEYWORD_OVERRIDE;
 
        // MANIPULATORS
 
        /// Reset the internal streambuf to empty.
        void reset();
 
        // ACCESSORS
 
        /// Return the address of the memory containing the values formatted
        /// to this stream.  The data is not null-terminated unless a null
        /// character was appended onto this stream.
        const char *data() const;
 
        /// Return the length of the formatted data, including null
        /// characters appended to the stream, if any.
        int length() const;
    };
 
  public:
    // PUBLIC TYPES
    enum ErrorSeverity {
        e_BER_SUCCESS = 0x00
      , e_BER_ERROR   = 0x02
 
#ifndef BDE_OMIT_INTERNAL_DEPRECATED
      , BDEM_BER_SUCCESS = e_BER_SUCCESS
      , BDEM_BER_ERROR   = e_BER_ERROR
#endif  // BDE_OMIT_INTERNAL_DEPRECATED
    };
 
  private:
    // DATA
    const BerEncoderOptions          *d_options;        // held, not owned
    bslma::Allocator                 *d_allocator;      // held, not owned
 
    // placeholder for MemOutStream
    bsls::ObjectBuffer<MemOutStream>  d_logArea;
 
    // if not zero, log stream was created at the moment of first logging
    // and must be destroyed
    MemOutStream                     *d_logStream;
 
    ErrorSeverity                     d_severity;       // error severity
 
    bsl::streambuf                   *d_streamBuf;      // held, not owned
    int                               d_currentDepth;   // current depth
 
    // NOT IMPLEMENTED
    BerEncoder(const BerEncoder&);             // = delete;
    BerEncoder& operator=(const BerEncoder&);  // = delete;
 
    // PRIVATE MANIPULATORS
 
    /// Log the specified `msg` using the specified `tagClass`, `tagNumber`,
    /// name, and `index`, and return `errorSeverity()`.
    ErrorSeverity logMsg(const char             *msg,
                         BerConstants::TagClass  tagClass,
                         int                     tagNumber,
                         const char             *name  =  0,
                         int                     index = -1);
 
    /// Log error and upgrade the severity level.  Return `errorSeverity()`.
    ErrorSeverity logError(BerConstants::TagClass  tagClass,
                           int                     tagNumber,
                           const char             *name  =  0,
                           int                     index = -1);
 
    /// Return the stream for logging.  Note the if stream has not been
    /// created yet, it will be created during this call.
    bsl::ostream& logStream();
 
    int encodeImpl(const bsl::vector<char>&  value,
                   BerConstants::TagClass    tagClass,
                   int                       tagNumber,
                   int                       formattingMode,
                   bdlat_TypeCategory::Array );
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encodeArrayImpl(const TYPE&            value,
                        BerConstants::TagClass tagClass,
                        int                    tagNumber,
                        int                    formattingMode);
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encodeImpl(const TYPE&                value,
                   BerConstants::TagClass     tagClass,
                   int                        tagNumber,
                   int                        formattingMode,
                   bdlat_TypeCategory::Choice );
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encodeImpl(const TYPE&                       value,
                   BerConstants::TagClass            tagClass,
                   int                               tagNumber,
                   int                               formattingMode,
                   bdlat_TypeCategory::NullableValue );
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encodeImpl(const TYPE&                        value,
                   BerConstants::TagClass             tagClass,
                   int                                tagNumber,
                   int                                formattingMode,
                   bdlat_TypeCategory::CustomizedType );
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encodeImpl(const TYPE&                     value,
                   BerConstants::TagClass          tagClass,
                   int                             tagNumber,
                   int                             formattingMode,
                   bdlat_TypeCategory::Enumeration );
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encodeImpl(const TYPE&                  value,
                   BerConstants::TagClass       tagClass,
                   int                          tagNumber,
                   int                          formattingMode,
                   bdlat_TypeCategory::Sequence );
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encodeImpl(const TYPE&                value,
                   BerConstants::TagClass     tagClass,
                   int                        tagNumber,
                   int                        formattingMode,
                   bdlat_TypeCategory::Simple );
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encodeImpl(const TYPE&               value,
                   BerConstants::TagClass    tagClass,
                   int                       tagNumber,
                   int                       formattingMode,
                   bdlat_TypeCategory::Array );
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encodeImpl(const TYPE&                     value,
                   BerConstants::TagClass          tagClass,
                   int                             tagNumber,
                   int                             formattingMode,
                   bdlat_TypeCategory::DynamicType );
 
  public:
    // CREATORS
 
    /// Construct an encoder object.  Optionally specify encoder `options`.
    /// If `options` is 0, `BerEncoderOptions()` is used.  Optionally
    /// specify a `basicAllocator` used to supply memory.  If
    /// `basicAllocator` is 0, the currently installed default allocator is
    /// used.
    BerEncoder(const BerEncoderOptions *options        = 0,
               bslma::Allocator        *basicAllocator = 0);
 
    /// Destroy this object.  This destruction has no effect on objects
    /// pointed-to by the pointers provided at construction.
    ~BerEncoder();
 
    /// Encode the specified non-modifiable `value` to the specified
    /// `streamBuf`.  Return 0 on success, and a non-zero value otherwise.
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encode(bsl::streambuf *streamBuf, const TYPE& value);
 
    /// Encode the specified non-modifiable `value` to the specified
    /// `stream`.  Return 0 on success, and a non-zero value otherwise.  If
    /// the encoding fails `stream` will be invalidated.
    template <typename TYPE>
    int encode(bsl::ostream& stream, const TYPE& value);
 
    // ACCESSORS
 
    /// Return address of the options.
    const BerEncoderOptions *options() const;
 
    /// Return the severity of the most severe warning or error encountered
    /// during the last call to the `encode` method.  The severity is reset
    /// each time `encode` is called.
    ErrorSeverity  errorSeverity() const;
 
    /// Return a string containing any error, warning, or trace messages
    /// that were logged during the last call to the `encode` method.  The
    /// log is reset each time `encode` is called.
    bslstl::StringRef loggedMessages() const;
};
 
                    // ===================================
                    // private class BerEncoder_LevelGuard
                    // ===================================
 
/// This class serves the purpose to automatically increment-decrement the
/// current depth level.
///
/// See @ref balber_berencoder 
class BerEncoder_LevelGuard {
 
    // DATA
    BerEncoder *d_encoder;
 
    // NOT IMPLEMENTED
    BerEncoder_LevelGuard(BerEncoder_LevelGuard&);            // = delete;
    BerEncoder_LevelGuard& operator=(BerEncoder_LevelGuard&); // = delete;
 
  public:
    // CREATORS
    BerEncoder_LevelGuard(BerEncoder *encoder);
    ~BerEncoder_LevelGuard();
};
 
                      // ================================
                      // private class BerEncoder_Visitor
                      // ================================
 
/// This class is used as a visitor for visiting contained objects during
/// encoding.  Produces always BER elements with CONTEXT_SPECIFIC BER tag.
///
/// See @ref balber_berencoder 
class BerEncoder_Visitor {
 
    // DATA
    BerEncoder             *d_encoder;     // encoder to write data to
    BerEncoder_LevelGuard   d_levelGuard;
 
    // NOT IMPLEMENTED
    BerEncoder_Visitor(const BerEncoder_Visitor&);             // = delete;
    BerEncoder_Visitor& operator=(const BerEncoder_Visitor&);  // = delete;
 
  public:
    // CREATORS
    BerEncoder_Visitor(BerEncoder *encoder);
    ~BerEncoder_Visitor();
 
    // MANIPULATORS
    template <typename TYPE, typename INFO>
    int operator()(const TYPE& value, const INFO& info);
};
 
              // ================================================
              // private class BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor
              // ================================================
 
/// This class is used as a visitor for visiting the top-level element and
/// also array elements during encoding.  This class is required so that the
/// universal tag number of the element can be determined when the element
/// is visited.
///
/// See @ref balber_berencoder 
class BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor {
 
    // PRIVATE DATA MEMBERS
    BerEncoder            *d_encoder;         // streambuf to write data to
    int                    d_formattingMode;  // formatting mode to use
    BerEncoder_LevelGuard  d_levelGuard;
 
  private:
    // NOT IMPLEMENTED
    BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor(
                                    const BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor&);
                                                                   // = delete;
    BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor& operator=(
                                    const BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor&);
                                                                   // = delete;
  public:
    // CREATORS
    BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor(BerEncoder *encoder,
                                       int         formattingMode);
 
    ~BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor();
 
    // MANIPULATORS
    template <typename TYPE>
    int operator()(const TYPE& value);
};
 
// ============================================================================
//                               PROXY CLASSES
// ============================================================================
 
                       // =============================
                       // struct BerEncoder_encodeProxy
                       // =============================
 
/// Component-private struct.  Provides accessor that keeps current context
/// and can be used in different `bdlat` Category Functions.
struct BerEncoder_encodeProxy {
 
    // DATA MEMBERS
    BerEncoder             *d_encoder;
    BerConstants::TagClass  d_tagClass;
    int                     d_tagNumber;
    int                     d_formattingMode;
 
    // CREATORS Creators have been omitted to allow simple static
    // initialization of this struct.
 
    // FUNCTIONS
    template <typename TYPE>
    int operator()(const TYPE& object, bslmf::Nil);
 
    template <typename TYPE, typename ANY_CATEGORY>
    int operator()(const TYPE& object, ANY_CATEGORY category);
 
    template <typename TYPE>
    int operator()(const TYPE& object);
};
 
}  // close package namespace
 
// ============================================================================
//                            INLINE DEFINITIONS
// ============================================================================
 
                   // --------------------------------------
                   // class balber::BerEncoder::MemOutStream
                   // --------------------------------------
 
inline
balber::BerEncoder::MemOutStream::MemOutStream(
                                              bslma::Allocator *basicAllocator)
: bsl::ostream(0)
, d_sb(bslma::Default::allocator(basicAllocator))
{
    rdbuf(&d_sb);
}
 
// MANIPULATORS
inline
void balber::BerEncoder::MemOutStream::reset()
{
    d_sb.reset();
}
 
// ACCESSORS
inline
const char *balber::BerEncoder::MemOutStream::data() const
{
    return d_sb.data();
}
 
inline
int balber::BerEncoder::MemOutStream::length() const
{
    return static_cast<int>(d_sb.length());
}
 
namespace balber {
 
                        // ----------------------------
                        // class BerEncoder::LevelGuard
                        // ----------------------------
 
inline
BerEncoder_LevelGuard::BerEncoder_LevelGuard(BerEncoder *encoder)
: d_encoder (encoder)
{
    ++d_encoder->d_currentDepth;
}
 
inline
BerEncoder_LevelGuard::~BerEncoder_LevelGuard()
{
    --d_encoder->d_currentDepth;
}
 
                       // -----------------------------
                       // struct BerEncoder_encodeProxy
                       // -----------------------------
 
template <typename TYPE>
inline
int BerEncoder_encodeProxy::operator()(const TYPE&, bslmf::Nil)
{
    BSLS_ASSERT_SAFE(0);
    return -1;
}
 
template <typename TYPE, typename ANY_CATEGORY>
inline
int BerEncoder_encodeProxy::operator()(const TYPE&  object,
                                       ANY_CATEGORY category)
{
    return d_encoder->encodeImpl(object,
                                 d_tagClass,
                                 d_tagNumber,
                                 d_formattingMode,
                                 category);
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
inline
int BerEncoder_encodeProxy::operator()(const TYPE& object)
{
    typedef typename
    bdlat_TypeCategory::Select<TYPE>::Type TypeCategory;
 
    return this->operator()(object, TypeCategory());
}
 
                              // ----------------
                              // class BerEncoder
                              // ----------------
 
// ACCESSORS
inline
const BerEncoderOptions *BerEncoder::options() const
{
    return d_options;
}
 
inline
BerEncoder::ErrorSeverity BerEncoder::errorSeverity() const
{
    return d_severity;
}
 
inline
bslstl::StringRef BerEncoder::loggedMessages() const
{
    if (d_logStream) {
        return bslstl::StringRef(d_logStream->data(), d_logStream->length());
    }
 
    return bslstl::StringRef();
}
 
inline
bsl::ostream& BerEncoder::logStream()
{
    if (d_logStream == 0) {
        d_logStream = new(d_logArea.buffer()) MemOutStream(d_allocator);
    }
    return *d_logStream;
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
int BerEncoder::encode(bsl::streambuf *streamBuf, const TYPE& value)
{
    BSLS_ASSERT(!d_streamBuf);
 
    d_streamBuf = streamBuf;
    d_severity  = e_BER_SUCCESS;
 
    if (d_logStream != 0) {
        d_logStream->reset();
    }
 
    d_currentDepth = 0;
 
    int rc;
 
    if (! d_options) {
        BerEncoderOptions options;  // temporary options object
        d_options = &options;
        BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor visitor(
                                              this,
                                              bdlat_FormattingMode::e_DEFAULT);
 
        rc = visitor(value);
        d_options = 0;
    }
    else {
        BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor visitor(
                                              this,
                                              bdlat_FormattingMode::e_DEFAULT);
        rc = visitor(value);
    }
 
    d_streamBuf = 0;
 
    streamBuf->pubsync();
 
    return rc;
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
int BerEncoder::encode(bsl::ostream& stream, const TYPE& value)
{
    if (!stream.good()) {
        return -1;
    }
 
    if (0 != this->encode(stream.rdbuf(), value)) {
        stream.setstate(bsl::ios_base::failbit);
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}
 
// PRIVATE MANIPULATORS
template <typename TYPE>
int BerEncoder::encodeImpl(const TYPE&                value,
                           BerConstants::TagClass     tagClass,
                           int                        tagNumber,
                           int                        formattingMode,
                           bdlat_TypeCategory::Choice )
{
    enum { k_SUCCESS = 0, k_FAILURE = -1 };
 
    const BerConstants::TagType tagType = BerConstants::e_CONSTRUCTED;
 
    int rc = BerUtil::putIdentifierOctets(d_streamBuf,
                                          tagClass,
                                          tagType,
                                          tagNumber);
    if (rc | BerUtil::putIndefiniteLengthOctet(d_streamBuf)) {
        return k_FAILURE;                                             // RETURN
    }
 
    const bool isUntagged = formattingMode
                          & bdlat_FormattingMode::e_UNTAGGED;
 
    if (!isUntagged) {
        // According to X.694 (clause 20.4), an XML choice (not anonymous)
        // element is encoded as a sequence with 1 element.
 
        rc = BerUtil::putIdentifierOctets(d_streamBuf,
                                          BerConstants::e_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC,
                                          tagType,
                                          0);
        if (rc | BerUtil::putIndefiniteLengthOctet(d_streamBuf)) {
            return k_FAILURE;
        }
    }
 
    const int selectionId = bdlat_ChoiceFunctions::selectionId(value);
 
    if (bdlat_ChoiceFunctions::k_UNDEFINED_SELECTION_ID != selectionId) {
 
        BerEncoder_Visitor visitor(this);
 
        if (0 != bdlat_ChoiceFunctions::accessSelection(value, visitor)) {
            return k_FAILURE;                                         // RETURN
        }
    }
    else {
 
         if (d_options->disableUnselectedChoiceEncoding()) {
 
            this->logError(tagClass,
                           tagNumber);
 
            return k_FAILURE;                                         // RETURN
         }
 
    }
 
    if (!isUntagged) {
        // According to X.694 (clause 20.4), an XML choice (not anonymous)
        // element is encoded as a sequence with 1 element.
 
        // Don't waste time checking the result of this call -- the only thing
        // that can go wrong is eof, which will happen again when we call it
        // again below.
        BerUtil::putEndOfContentOctets(d_streamBuf);
    }
 
    return BerUtil::putEndOfContentOctets(d_streamBuf);
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
int BerEncoder::encodeImpl(const TYPE&                       value,
                           BerConstants::TagClass            tagClass,
                           int                               tagNumber,
                           int                               formattingMode,
                           bdlat_TypeCategory::NullableValue )
{
    enum { k_SUCCESS = 0, k_FAILURE = -1 };
 
    bool isNillable = formattingMode & bdlat_FormattingMode::e_NILLABLE;
 
    if (isNillable) {
 
        // nillable is encoded in BER as a sequence with one optional element
 
        int rc = BerUtil::putIdentifierOctets(d_streamBuf,
                                              tagClass,
                                              BerConstants::e_CONSTRUCTED,
                                              tagNumber);
        if (rc | BerUtil::putIndefiniteLengthOctet(d_streamBuf)) {
            return k_FAILURE;
        }
 
        if (!bdlat_NullableValueFunctions::isNull(value)) {
 
            BerEncoder_encodeProxy proxy1 = {
                                 this,
                                 BerConstants::e_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC, // tagClass
                                 0,                                // tagNumber
                                 formattingMode };
 
            if (0 != bdlat_NullableValueFunctions::accessValue(value,
                                                               proxy1)) {
                return k_FAILURE;
            }
        } // end of bdlat_NullableValueFunctions::isNull(...)
 
        return BerUtil::putEndOfContentOctets(d_streamBuf);
    } // end of isNillable
 
    if (!bdlat_NullableValueFunctions::isNull(value)) {
 
        BerEncoder_encodeProxy proxy2 = { this,
                                          tagClass,
                                          tagNumber,
                                          formattingMode };
 
        if (0 != bdlat_NullableValueFunctions::accessValue(value, proxy2)) {
                return k_FAILURE;
        }
    }
 
    return k_SUCCESS;
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
int BerEncoder::encodeImpl(const TYPE&                        value,
                           BerConstants::TagClass             tagClass,
                           int                                tagNumber,
                           int                                formattingMode,
                           bdlat_TypeCategory::CustomizedType )
{
    typedef typename
    bdlat_CustomizedTypeFunctions::BaseType<TYPE>::Type BaseType;
 
    typedef typename
    bdlat_TypeCategory::Select<BaseType>::Type          BaseTypeCategory;
 
    int rc = encodeImpl(
                      bdlat_CustomizedTypeFunctions::convertToBaseType(value),
                      tagClass,
                      tagNumber,
                      formattingMode,
                      BaseTypeCategory());
 
    return rc;
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
int BerEncoder::encodeImpl(const TYPE&                     value,
                           BerConstants::TagClass          tagClass,
                           int                             tagNumber,
                           int                             ,
                           bdlat_TypeCategory::Enumeration )
{
    int rc = BerUtil::putIdentifierOctets(d_streamBuf,
                                          tagClass,
                                          BerConstants::e_PRIMITIVE,
                                          tagNumber);
 
    int intValue;
    bdlat_EnumFunctions::toInt(&intValue, value);
 
    rc |= BerUtil::putValue(d_streamBuf, intValue);
 
    return rc;
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
int BerEncoder::encodeImpl(const TYPE&                  value,
                           BerConstants::TagClass       tagClass,
                           int                          tagNumber,
                           int                          ,
                           bdlat_TypeCategory::Sequence )
{
    BerEncoder_Visitor visitor(this);
 
    int rc = BerUtil::putIdentifierOctets(d_streamBuf,
                                          tagClass,
                                          BerConstants::e_CONSTRUCTED,
                                          tagNumber);
    rc |= BerUtil::putIndefiniteLengthOctet(d_streamBuf);
    if (rc) {
        return rc;
    }
 
    rc = bdlat_SequenceFunctions::accessAttributes(value, visitor);
    rc |= BerUtil::putEndOfContentOctets(d_streamBuf);
 
    return rc;
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
int BerEncoder::encodeImpl(const TYPE&                     value,
                                BerConstants::TagClass     tagClass,
                                int                        tagNumber,
                                int                        ,
                                bdlat_TypeCategory::Simple )
{
    int rc = BerUtil::putIdentifierOctets(d_streamBuf,
                                          tagClass,
                                          BerConstants::e_PRIMITIVE,
                                          tagNumber);
    rc |= BerUtil::putValue(d_streamBuf, value, d_options);
 
    return rc;
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
inline
int BerEncoder::encodeImpl(const TYPE&               value,
                           BerConstants::TagClass    tagClass,
                           int                       tagNumber,
                           int                       formattingMode,
                           bdlat_TypeCategory::Array )
{
    enum { k_SUCCESS = 0,  k_FAILURE = -1 };
 
    if (d_currentDepth <= 1 || tagClass == BerConstants::e_UNIVERSAL) {
        return k_FAILURE;
    }
    // Note: bsl::vector<char> is handled as a special case in the CPP file.
    return this->encodeArrayImpl(value,
                                 tagClass,
                                 tagNumber,
                                 formattingMode);
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
int
BerEncoder::encodeArrayImpl(const TYPE&             value,
                            BerConstants::TagClass  tagClass,
                            int                     tagNumber,
                            int                     formattingMode)
{
    enum { k_FAILURE = -1, k_SUCCESS = 0 };
 
    const int size = static_cast<int>(bdlat_ArrayFunctions::size(value));
 
    if (0 == size && d_options && !d_options->encodeEmptyArrays()) {
        return k_SUCCESS;                                             // RETURN
    }
 
    const BerConstants::TagType tagType = BerConstants::e_CONSTRUCTED;
 
    int rc = BerUtil::putIdentifierOctets(d_streamBuf,
                                          tagClass,
                                          tagType,
                                          tagNumber);
    rc |= BerUtil::putIndefiniteLengthOctet(d_streamBuf);
    if (rc) {
        return k_FAILURE;                                             // RETURN
    }
 
    BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor visitor(this, formattingMode);
 
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        if (0 != bdlat_ArrayFunctions::accessElement(value, visitor, i)) {
 
            this->logError(tagClass,
                           tagNumber,
                           0,  // bdlat_TypeName::name(value),
                           i);
 
            return k_FAILURE;                                         // RETURN
        }
    }
 
    return BerUtil::putEndOfContentOctets(d_streamBuf);
}
 
template <typename TYPE>
inline
int BerEncoder::encodeImpl(const TYPE&                          value,
                                BerConstants::TagClass          tagClass,
                                int                             tagNumber,
                                int                             formattingMode,
                                bdlat_TypeCategory::DynamicType )
{
    BerEncoder_encodeProxy proxy = { this,
                                     tagClass,
                                     tagNumber,
                                     formattingMode
                                   };
 
    return bdlat_TypeCategoryUtil::accessByCategory(value, proxy);
}
 
                      // --------------------------------
                      // private class BerEncoder_Visitor
                      // --------------------------------
 
// CREATORS
inline
BerEncoder_Visitor::BerEncoder_Visitor(BerEncoder *encoder)
: d_encoder(encoder)
, d_levelGuard(encoder)
{
}
 
inline
BerEncoder_Visitor::~BerEncoder_Visitor()
{
}
 
// MANIPULATORS
template <typename TYPE, typename INFO>
inline
int BerEncoder_Visitor::operator()(const TYPE& value, const INFO& info)
{
    typedef typename
    bdlat_TypeCategory::Select<TYPE>::Type TypeCategory;
 
    int rc = d_encoder->encodeImpl(value,
                                   BerConstants::e_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC,
                                   info.id(),
                                   info.formattingMode(),
                                   TypeCategory());
 
    if (rc) {
        d_encoder->logError(BerConstants::e_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC,
                            info.id(),
                            info.name());
    }
 
    return rc;
}
 
              // ------------------------------------------------
              // private class BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor
              // ------------------------------------------------
 
// CREATORS
inline
BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor::
BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor(BerEncoder *encoder,
                                   int         formattingMode)
: d_encoder(encoder)
, d_formattingMode(formattingMode)
, d_levelGuard(encoder)
{
}
 
inline
BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor::
~BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor()
{
}
 
// MANIPULATORS
template <typename TYPE>
int BerEncoder_UniversalElementVisitor::operator()(const TYPE& value)
{
    enum { k_SUCCESS = 0, k_FAILURE = -1 };
 
    typedef typename
    bdlat_TypeCategory::Select<TYPE>::Type TypeCategory;
 
    BerUniversalTagNumber::Value tagNumber = BerUniversalTagNumber::select(
                                                         value,
                                                         d_formattingMode,
                                                         d_encoder->options());
 
    if (d_encoder->encodeImpl(value,
                              BerConstants::e_UNIVERSAL,
                              static_cast<int>(tagNumber),
                              d_formattingMode,
                              TypeCategory())) {
        d_encoder->logError(BerConstants::e_UNIVERSAL,
                            tagNumber);
        return k_FAILURE;
    }
 
    return k_SUCCESS;
}
 
}  // close package namespace
 
#endif
 
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright 2015 Bloomberg Finance L.P.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ----------------------------- END-OF-FILE ----------------------------------
 
/** @} */
/** @} */
/** @} */